Masonry3

Masonry3

1. Loadbearing

   • constructing major buildings until invention of the frame structure.
   • Thickness walls increased progressively towards lower floors
   • greater gravity loads and ensure stability
   • stone and brick= load bearing element also cladding. Brick walls were normally 3,4 or more wythes thick
   • outer wythe
     • better clay, expensive
     • dressed stone or solid Pressed or Face Brick
       • made dry-press machine
     • very hard and smooth, with sharp angles and corners, and true sides and beds.
     • graded for lower dimensional tolerances
     • costs 2x5 more as common brick

2. interior wythes of common brick

   • all brick intended for construction
     • graded for durability and strength only.
   • 6 different face orientations, only 4 face normally utilized wall elevation

3. Bond Patterns

   • Common (American Bond)
     • 5 stretchers, 1 course headers
   • Flemish
     • Alternates Stretchers & headers in every course
   • English
     • Alternate courses of headers and stretchers.

4. Terminal Courses

   • Single and double wythe walls with a soldier and rowlock course to cover the core holes.

5. Brick Structural Arches

   • esthetic and structural=form and function
   • loadbearing, supporting external dead and/or live loads, earthquakes
   • uniform load

6. Reinforced Masonry frame

   • bond beams and vertically reinforced (and grouted) CMU cells
   • increasing the wall’s resistance to lateral loads.
   • reinforced-concrete frame with plain-masonry infill
   • Vertical
     • eccentric gravity loads on the wall; lateral loads perpendicular to the wall. against bending
     • sliding resistance of the wall to in-plane lateral loads reducing horizontal displacement between floors.
     • resist the tension caused by overturning of the wall and functions
     • bond beams are provided at each floor and roof level in all exterior walls, interior bearing walls and shear walls.
     • top of parapets to facilitate anchorage of coping
     • 200mm deep but can be increased to 400 by grouting the regular CMU

7. Wall Layout

   • sufficient number and adequate lengths of walls must be provided in both principal directions
   • best achieved when the walls are in the same location regardless of level
   • Repetitive floor plans are also more easily constructible

8. CMU Reinforcement

   • hollow cores at 200, 400 or 600 mm (8, 16 or 24 in) centres and the cells grouted
   • Grout is placed in lifts of 1 200 and the grout is consolidated by puddling
   • A and H-blocks: certain height to allow placement of block around projecting rebar.

9. Grout

   • fill voids in masonry walls, reinforcement are integrated
   • cementitious mix similar to concrete, not durable more water.
   • Coarse grout contains coarse aggregate and sand while in fine grout it is sand only.
   • poured by pumping or bucket
   • voids are greater than 38 x 75, less shrinkage

10. Lintels

    • Ushaped. like a concrete beam to span an opening when reinforced horizontally & grouted
      • CMU lintel maintains the bond pattern, color & surface texture of the wal
    • 200 mm (8 in) and 400 mm (16 in) high units are available.

11. connectors

    • A379 recognizes:Bar anchors intersection masonry wall
    • Continuous ladder & truss ties/reinforcing on the condition that it is used ONLY in low-rise construction

12. Limitations

    • Lengths & heights of masonry walls and opening widths & heights are based on a 200mm

13. ADV.

    • oadbearing masonry building for occupancies where economy is a major consideration.
      • residential – apartment buildings, hotels, motel
        • cellulartype, repetitive floor layouts.

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