Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Nephropathy

1. Definition

   • It is a renal damage caused by diabetes.

2. It affects

   • Kidneys
     • Anatomy

3. It is a type of

   • Renal diseases
     • Definition
       • Damage to kidney’s tissue causing effects on body’s ability to clean the body and remove the waste products
     • classification
       • Acute
         • Pre renal
           • Absolute decrease in ECF VOLUME
           • Decreased RBF
           • Altered infrarenal hemodynamics
         • Infrarenal
           • Tubulointerstitial disorders
             • Tubular injury
             • interstitial nephritis
           • Glomerular disorders
             • glomerulonephritis
             • thrombotic microangiopathies
             • Aatheroembolic diseases
         • post renal
           • Anatomic obstruction
           • Tubular obstruction
             • crystals
             • proteins
             • drugs
               • indinavir
               • methotrexate
       • chronic
         • diabetic
         • non diabetic
           • vascular
             • large vessel diseases
               • renal artery stenosis
             • small vessel disease
               • hypertension or vasculitis
           • Glomerular
             • primary nephritis
             • Autoimmune diseases
             • systemic infection
           • tubulointestinal
             • Autoimmune diseases
               • obstructive nephropathy
           • Cystic
             • polycystic kidney disease
     • Renal Failure
       • Acute
         • chronic
           • end-stage
     • Nephrotic Syndrome
     • Other classification
       • Effacement of foot processes
         • Minimal change disease
           • Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
       • Deposition of immune complex
         • Membranous Nephropathy
           • Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
     • Investigations
       • Lab findings
         • hematuria
         • proteinurea
         • color, clarity, gravity
         • Glucose, ketones
       • BUN
       • Creatinine

4. Sign and symptoms

   • Edema
     • causes
       • increased hydrostatic pressure
       • reduced colloidal or oncotic pressure within blood vessels
       • increased blood vessel wall permeability
       • changes in the water retaining properties
   • Proteinurea
     • causes
       • Glomerular pathology
       • Urinary tract infection
       • After vigorous exercise
       • Orthostatic proteinuria
   • Worsening blood pressure control
     • Nausea and vomiting
       • Increased need to urinate
         • Confusion or difficulty concentrating
           • Loss of appetite

5. Treatment

   • medication
     • ACE inhibitors
   • Surgery and dialysis
     • kidney-pancretic transplantation

6. Prognosis

   • depends on stage

7. how to deal with chronic diseases

   • Acceptance
     • Life Style
       • Unconscious changes

8. Physiology of kidney

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