Bladder cancer

Bladder cancer

1. Anatomy of bladder

2. Histology of bladder

3. Mechanisms of concentrating urine

   • Countercurrent multiplication
   • Urea recycling

4. Physiology of Micturition

5. Risk factors of bladder cancer

   • • Schistostomiasis
       • Lifecycle of schistostoma
       • Clinical manifestation

6. Staging of bladder cancer

7. Tumor markers

8. management of Bladder Cancer

9. Types of bladder cancer

   • Urothelial tumor (transitional cell carcinoma)
     • Forms
       • Flat
       • Papillary
     • Gross picture
     • Microscopic picture
     • Most common type
   • Squamous cell carcinoma
     • As a complication of squamous metaplasia due to chronic cystitis, schistostomiasis, or chronic nephrolithiasis
   • Adenocarcinoma
     • Arises from urachal remnants , cystitis glandularis, or exstrophy

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