Muhammad's Palpable Spleen

Muhammad's Palpable Spleen

1. Overview of Anemia

   • Definition
     • Reduction in the Red cell mass resulting in decreased oxygen transporting capacity of the blood
   • Causes
     • Blood loss
       • Chronic
       • Acute

2. The Spleen

   • Anatomy
     • lymphatic organ lying against the diaphragm and ribs 9 to 11 in the left hypochondriac region
   • Physiology
     • Filters blood (removes damaged and worn-out erythrocytes and platelets.
     • Provides the immune response
   • Pathology
     • Splenomegaly
       • is defined as enlargement of the spleen measured by double it's typical size
       • Causes
         • Infections
         • Hemolytic anemias
         • Immune thrombocytopenia
         • Splenic vein hypertension
       • Effects
         • Abdominal bloating
         • Early feeling of satiety

3. White Blood Cells

   • Leukopoiesis
     • Leukopoiesis is a form of hematopoiesis in which leukocytes are formed in bone marrow in adults and hematopoietic organs in the fetus
   • Types of WBC's
     • Neutrophils
     • Basophils
     • Eosinophils
     • Monocytes
     • Lymphocytes
   • Count
     • 4-10,000× 109/L
   • Disorders of WBC's
     • Leukocytosis
       • neutrophillia
         • Bacterial infections
       • Lymphocytosis
         • Viral infections
       • Monocytosis
         • Chronic infections
       • Eosinophilia
         • Type I hypersensitivity reaction
       • Basophilia
         • Indicates Malignancies
     • Leukopenia
       • Neutropenia
       • Lymphopenia
     • Leukaemoid Reaction
       • This is a reactive and excessive leukocytosis
   • Neoplastic proliferations of WBC
     • leukemia
       • It is uncontrolled proliferation of immature blood cells that presents in bone marrow or peripheral blood
         • Acute Leukemia
           • AML
             • Aeur Bodies
           • ALL
             • T-ALL manifest as lymphoma usually of thymus
             • B-ALL manifest as childhood leukemia
         • Chronic Leukemia
           • CLL
           • CML
             • Genetic Translocation of Philadelphia Chromosome
             • Clinical Presentation
               • Enlarged spleen
               • Abdominal fullness
               • Anemia
             • Treatment
               • Imatinib
                 • Inhibition of tyrosine kinase.
                 • side effects
                   • Nausea
                   • Vomiting
                   • Diarrhea
               • Bone Marrow Transplantation
                 • HLA Typing
                   • system that encodes for MHC proteins in the human body
                   • HLA is used to match you and your donor to avoid rejection. The best match for you would come from a person who’s HLA closely resembles yours.
                 • Grafts
                   • A graft is any type of tissue that is transplanted from one individual to the other.
                     • Graft Vs. Leukemia: The transplanted graft rejects the leukemic cells which is beneficial to the patients. (Only relevant to patients with leukemia)
                   • Types of Rejection
                     • Hyperacute
                     • Acute
                     • Chronic
             • Breaking Bad News
             • Impact of the Internet on Patients Understanding
               • The impact of the Internet can be both positive and negative which depends on each individual
             • Psychological aspects of cancer patients
               • Creates enormous stress. Patients experience fear, anxiety and depression
     • History Taking
       • B symptoms
       • Bleeding
       • Lymph gland enlargement
     • Physical Examination
       • dehydration
       • pallor
       • petechiae
       • Inspection
       • Lymphadenopathy
     • Diagnosis
       • CBC
         • High WBC
         • Mild anemia
         • Thrombocytosis
       • Morphological features
         • scant agranular cytoplasm
       • Bone Marrow Test
         • Biopsy
         • Aspiration

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