Two years and no baby

Two years and no baby

1. Embryology of the genital tract

   • Male reproductive tract anatomy
     • Anatomy
     • Physiology of the male reproductive system
       • Spermatogenesis
       • Semen production
         • Abnormalities lead to
           • Infertility
             • Investigations of infertility
               • Female
                 • Ovulation testing
                 • Hysterosalpingography
                 • Ovarian reserve testing
                 • Other hormone testing
                 • Laparoscopy
               • History and physical examination
               • Male
                 • Semen analysis
                   • The number of sperm The shape of the sperm The movement of the sperm, also known as “sperm motility”
                 • Transrectal and scrotal ultrasound
                 • Testicular biopsy
                 • Genetic testing
               • Management of infertility
                 • Male
                   • Surgery
                   • Altering lifestyle factors
                   • Medications
                   • Sperm retrieval
                 • Female
                   • Stimulating ovulation with fertility drugs
                     • Medications for ovulation
                       • Aromatase inhibitors (Femara or letrozole)
                       • Insulin Sensitizing Agents
                       • Gonadotropines & GnRH Agonists
                   • Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
                   • Surgery to restore fertility
                 • Psychological Impacts and treatments
             • a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse
             • Risk factors
               • Age.
               • Tobacco use
               • Alcohol use
               • Being overweight / underweight
             • Epidemiology
               • Stigma
                 • childless women suffer discrimination, stigma and ostracism
                   • Although male infertility has been found to be the cause of a couple's failure to conceive in about 50% of cases, the social burden “falls disproportionately on women,”
           • Abnormal sperm production or function Problems with sperm delivery Overexposure to certain environmental factors Damage related to cancer and its treatment
       • Temperature regulation
   • Female reproductive tract anatomy
     • Physiology of menstruation
       • Physiology of the female tract
         • abnormalities lead to
           • Ovulation disorders Uterine or cervical abnormalities Fallopian tube damage or blockage Endometriosis Primary ovarian insufficiency Pelvic adhesions Cancer and its treatment
         • production of eggs
         • sex hormone regulation
         • fertilization of eggs
         • pregnancy maintanence
     • normal microbiota include lactobacillus and staphylococcus
   • Unifferentiated stage
     • Differentiated stage

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