Prokaryote

Prokaryote

1. Plasma Membrane

   • Phospholipid bilayer
     • Head - Hydrophilic ( love water )
     • Tail - Hydrophilic ( repel H20 )
   • Function
     • Permeable barrier
     • Synthesis cell wall components
     • Assist in DNA replication
     • Carries on respiration
     • Captures energy as ATP
   • Destruction
     • Plasmolysis - Cell Shrinking
     • Lysis - Cell burst
   • Movement of Materials
     • Passive Transport
       • Simple diffusion
         • Substance move from high to low concentraion
         • Reach equilibrium
       • Facilitated diffusion
         • Substance move from high to low concentraion
         • Need protein transport
       • Osmosis
         • Substance move from high to low concentraion
         • Isotonic - No nett movement of water
         • Hypotonic - Water enter the cell and can cause cell burst
         • Hypertonic - Water flows out the cell cause cell shrink
     • Active Process
       • Active Transport
         • Use energy
         • Substance move from low to high concentration
       • Group Translocation
         • Substances are chemically modified during passage

2. Cytoplasm

   • 80% water
   • Contains protein, enzymes, lipid, carbohydrates

3. Nucleoid

   • Single long double-stranded DNA
     • No histones & nuclear envelope

4. Plasmid

   • Single circular double-stranded DNA
     • No genetic materials
       • Replicate independently
   • Can transfer from one bacteria to another
   • Have survival features

5. Ribosomes

   • Protein synthesis
   • Has 70S ribosomes
   • Can inhibit by antibiotics
   • two subunits
     • 30S subunit
     • 50S subunit
     • Subunit is rRNA

6. Inclusions

   • Metachromatic Granules
     • Large inclusion
     • Stain red with blue dyes
     • Found in Algae, Fungi
     • Known as Volutin
   • Polysaccharides Granules
     • Consist of glycogen & strach
       • Test with iodine
         • Red - Glycogen
         • Blue - starch
   • Lipid Inclusion
     • Storage material
     • Revealed by Sudan dyes
   • Sulphur Granules
     • Reserve energy
       • Derive by oxidising sulphur
   • Carboxysome
     • enzyme ribulose 1,5- diphosphate carboxylase
       • Use for carbon dioxide fixation
   • Magnetosome
     • Iron Oxide - magnet
     • Protect cell from hydrogen peroxide accumulation
   • Gas vesicles
     • Gas vacuole
     • Hallow cylindrical covered protein
     • Provide buoyancy

7. Endospore

   • Formed in survival environment
   • Hard to destroy
   • Impermeable to dyes
   • Protect DNA from UV
   • Highly resistance