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1. The eludation of basic metabolic pathways in living organisms has been a perequisite to understanding the nature of many diseases

   • In 1908, an important link between metabolism and disease is established

2. Most enzymes within the cells are components of the metabolic pathways and are often associated with a particular subcellular compartment such as mitochondria o lysosomes.

   • When the cells are damaged or disintegrated, the enzymes can be released and their appearance in the serum can be a sign of cell damage and death.
     • The presence in the plasma of the enzymes aminotransferase and phosphatase is indicative of several types of liver diseases
       • The appearance in the plasma of certain enzymes of the ornithine cycle may indicate that damage to the mitochondria has ocurred

3. Cholera

   • Usurper of intestinal metabolism
   • Infectious disease that occurs when drinking water containing the bacterium vibrio cholerae
     • The vibrios grow in the intestine but do not spread to other parts of the body
       • The vibrios colonize and adhere to the small intestine and then secrete an exotoxin protein called collagen
     • The action of choleragen is similar to that of a hormone, and the toxin will affect the metabolism of other tissues if it can acces them
       • The toxin molecule is made up of two parts
         • Subunit A
           • Responsible for cellular toxicity
         • Subunit B
           • It binds strongly to a complex and specific lipid receptor in the cellular membrane
   • It is one of several diarrheal diseases that cause severe fluid loss. It is responsible for many diseases and deaths in areas where it is endemic.
   • The treatment for cholera is simple, the loos of the liquid can be overcome by an antravenous infusion of water and salts.
     • The administration of an antibiotic such as tetracycline aliminates the infection

4. Mellitus diabetes

   • A metabolic disease characteristic of diabetes is the inability to control blood sugar levels.
     • High blood glucose levels are associated with the disease and are the result of increased production of glucose by the liver and less absorption by the muscles and adipose tissue
   • One of the tests to diagnose diabetes . the most common is the measurement of sugar in the blood two hours after a meal with carbohydrates.
   • Action of hormones
     • Glucagon
     • Insulin