Mapa mental

The description of speech sounds

juan david hernandez Espanhol

Conteúdo do mapa

Divided in 2 categories
- Purely phonetic features
  - Loudness
    - It can distinguish
      - meaning
    - It is a component of stress, duration and sound together with pitch
      - Distinction between
        Noun record
        Verb record
  - Air-stream mechanism
    - Speech sounds
      - Made with some movement of air
        Air is pushed up from the lungs through the trachea
        And...
        Leaves the body through the mouth or nose
        There are three important aspects
        1.Egressive gluttalic
        Air pushed up from the space between the vocal folds
        "Glotis"
        The sound called: Ejective
        2.Ingressive gluttalic
        When the glottis makes the air move inwards
        This sound is called: Implosive
        Ingressive velaric
        Air sucked like result of movements against the back part of the root velum
        This sound is called: Click
  - Tone of voice
    - Produced by
      - Patterns of vibration of the vocal sounds
        It causes different
        Sound waves
        It doesn´t result in the same sound quality
    - There are differences between
      - Sound quality
        Characterised by the distinctive
        Example
        See
        Same:
        _Loudness
        Pitch
        Duration
      - Tone of voice
        Difference in "Colour" (sound produced with purely phonetics distinctive)
        This is
        Called as
        Voice quality
        Tonal quality
        Timbre
    - With tone of voice you can
      - Characterise the voice of a speaker
        Male
        Female
        Harsh
        Creaky or Thin
        Murmured
        Breathy
  - Pitch
    - The frequtency of the vibration of the vocal folds
      - The taster the vocal folds vibrate, the higher the pitch
    - It is a component of stress and it shapes the intonation of connected speech
    - English belong to the non-tone languages
      - The meaning of the word can be changed varying the pitch of one of its sounds
  - Duration and length
    - Time during which a sound is "sustained" (Restricted to "phonology")
      - How is perceived the sound for listener?
        Example
        Fool (Long u)
        Full (short u)
        You can distinguish meaning
        Linguist count length among distinctive features
        Differences in length is almost always acompanied by a difference in sound quality
    - Used for the actually time taken in the articulation of a sound (restricted to "Phonetics")
      - Example:
        See
        Can be held for different spans of time depending of the speaker
        Considered a long sound
        Is a Phonetic concept for its function of the sound, and quality remains the same
- 1.Describe physical aspects (sounds should be as precisely as possible)
  - Relevant only for phonetics. it is not relevance for phonology
- 2.Explain the difference between final sounds in words pairs like:
  - Relevance in phonetics and phonology
  - Cab / cap / serve / surf
    - You can distinguish meaning called distinctive or relevant features
Articulation Lenis
- It is the force with which the air currents is pushed up
- The sounds:
  - Are made with a weak breath
Articulation fortis
- Sound without a coice are made with sounds of greater strength
Voiceless and coicelessness: The state of the glottis
- Glottis
  - The space between the vocal cords
    - Voice
      - When the glottis is norrow is to say that the vocal cords are together is passage of air vibrates the vocal cords
        Example
        Word zeal
        If you cover your ears you can feel the vibration
    - Deat
      - When glottis is open, that is when the vocal cords are separated the passage of air does not vibrate the vocal cords
        Example
        The word seal
        Sounds are made that have no voice