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B4- Bioenergetics
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B4- Bioenergetics
Structure of leaves
- Plant cells
- Cell wall
- Cell membrane
- Ribosome
- Nucleus
- Vacuole
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplast
- Stoma
- Leaf adaptions
- Stomata
- Allows gases to move in and out of leaf
- Xylem
- Special tissues
- Transport water around plant
- Can contain dissolved minerals
- Transport water around plant
- Special tissues
- Phloem
- Specialist tissues
- Carry sugars around plant
- Specialist tissues
- Big surface area on some cells
- For gas exchange
- Mesophyl tissue
- Palisade layer
- Spongy layer
- Stomata
- Plant cells
Photosynthesis
- When plants use light to make glucose
- Some of glucose uses straight away
- If glucose isn’t used it is stored by plant as starch
- Starch
- Large insoluble molecule
- Starch
- If glucose isn’t used it is stored by plant as starch
- Some of glucose uses straight away
- Photosynthesis cells
- Chloroplasts
- Chlorophyll
- Chloroplasts
- 6CO2+6H20->602+C6H12O6
- Carbon dioxide+Water->Oxygen+Glucose
- When plants use light to make glucose
Limiting Factors
- Anything that stops photosynthesis from happening as fast as it can
- Can be one or more limiting factors
- Removing a limiting factor will increase the rate of photosynthesis
- Light intensity
- Temperature
- Carbon Dioxide Levels
- Usually represented by graphs
Uses of glucose
- Glucose
- A sugar which is made form photosynthesis
- Needed for respiration and provides plant with energy
- How do plants store glucose?
- Starch
- Insoluble
- Turned back into glucose when needed
- If glucose not used straight away, it is converted into starch to be stored
- Stored in every cell in the plant
- In leaves, it is stored in chloroplasts
- Starch
- Respiration
- C6H12O6+602->6CO2+6H2O
- Glucose+Oxygen->Carbon Dioxide+Water
- C6H12O6+602->6CO2+6H2O
- Growth and repair
- Make larger molecules
- Cellulose
- Strengthen cell walls
- Amino acids
- Building blocks of proteins
- Made by combining sugars with nitrate ions and other minerals from soil
- Building blocks of proteins
- Fats and oils
- Can strengthen plant cells
- Glucose
Aerobic respiration
- Respiration
- Chemical process
- Happens on a cellular level
- Controlled by enzymes
- Releases energy
- Exothermic
- Breathing
- Ventilating your lungs
- Getting gases in and out of your body
- Ventilating your lungs
- Where does it occur?
- Mitochondria
- More active the cell, more mitochondria there are
- Found in nearly every animal and plant cell
- Shape
- Providers a large surface area
- To maximise respiration which occurs in each cell
- Providers a large surface area
- Mitochondria
- Respiration
Anaerobic respiration
- Glucose->Lactic Acid
- Happens when there is not enough oxygen
- Produces lactic acid
- Not a very efficient way of using glucose
- Lactic acid
- Can damage our bodies if allowed to build up
- Can remove it from our bodies by reacting it with oxygen
- Lactic acid+Oxygen->Carbon Dioxide+Water
- Oxygen debt
- Amount of oxygen needed to get rid of lactic acid
- Fermentation
- How plants anaerobically respire
- Convert glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide
- Glucose->ethanol+carbon dioxide
- C6H12O6->2C2H5OH+2CO2
- Glucose->ethanol+carbon dioxide
Effects of exercise
- Heart muscle can adapt quickly to increase supply of oxygen to muscles
- Body stores excess glucose as glycogen until needed
- Muscles
- Cause movements
- Muscle fibres
- Need a lot of energy
- To have lots of mitochondria
- Work together to form muscles
- Need a lot of energy
- During exercise
- Heart rate increases
- Arteries to your muscles dilate
- Breathing rate increases
- Increases rate of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal
- Heart rate increases
Metabolism
- Sum of all of reactions in a cell or the body
- Controlled by enzymes
- Need energy to happen
- Sum of all of reactions in a cell or the body