GENETIC PROCESSES

GENETIC PROCESSES

1. MEIOSIS

   • SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
     • The production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different sexes.
     • HAPLOID
       • (Of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
       • FERTILIZATION
         • The action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
         • OOGENESIS
           • The production or development of an ovum.
         • SPERMATOGENESIS
           • The production or development of mature spermatozoa.
       • GAMETE
         • A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
         • ZYGOTE
           • A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
     • ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
       • Mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from  a single organism and inherit the genes from that parent only.
   • SEX CELLS
     • A cell responsible for transmitting DNA to the next generation.
   • HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSMES
     • A set of one maternal chromosome and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis.
     • GENES
       • A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring.
       • CROSSING OVER
         • The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.
     • KARYOTYPE
       • The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes of the nuclei of an organism or species.
   • SEX CHROMOSOMES
     • A chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds.
     • KARYOTYPE
       • The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.
   • SYNAPSIS
     • The fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.

2. DNA

   • PHOSPHATES
   • DOUBLE HELIX
     • A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule.
   • NUCLEOSIDES
     • A compound (cytosine, adenine, etc.) commonly found in DNA or RNA, consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar. 
     • NITROGENOUS BASES
       • A nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base. 
       • THYMINE
         • COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRS
       • GUANINE
         • COMPLMENTARY BASE PAIRS
           • Either of the nucleotide bases linked by a hydrogen bond on opposite strands of DNA or double-stranded RNA.
       • ADENINE
       • CYTOSINE
     • DEOXYRIBOSE
       • A sugar derived from ribose.

3. MITOSIS

   • DIPLOID
     • (Of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. 
   • SOMATIC CELLS
     • Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
     • AUTOSOMES
       • Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
   • CELL CYCLE
     • Stages of mitosis.
     • INTERPHASE
       • - Cells grow. - Make structural proteins. - Transport nutrients to where they are needed. - Eliminate waste. - Prepares for the next stages of mitosis.
       • PROTEINS
         • Repair damaged parts
       • CENTROMERE
         • The structure that holds chromatids together
       • CHROMATIN
         • The tangled fibrous complex of DNA and protein within a eukaryotic nucleus.
     • PROPHASE
       • 1st stage of cell division.
       • CHROMOSOMES
         • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
       • CENTROSOMES
         • Small protein bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of animals cells.
         • SPINDLE FIBRES
           • Protein structures that guide chromosomes during cell division. Formed from centrosomes.
     • METAPHASE
       • The chromosomes line up along the center axis of the cell.
     • ANAPHASE
       • The chromosomes split up and chromatids are pulled to the opposite ends of the cell.
       • CHROMATIDS
         • Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
     • TELOPHASE
       • A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromatids.
     • CYTOKINESIS
       • Pinching off the cell into 2 parts.
   • SISTER CHROMATID
     • Pieces of identical DNA that are crucial in the process of cell replication and division.

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