THE LANGUAGE: LEARNING AND TEACHING

THE LANGUAGE: LEARNING AND TEACHING

1. LEARNING

   • Learning is the process by which skills, abilities, knowledge, behavior or values are acquired as a result of the study, experience, instruction, reasoning, and observation.
     • Learning is a natural phenomenon which is natural to all organisms including both humans and animals. Learning affects a child’s development. A child learns new habits only through the process of learning and through imitated traditions and customs. Intellectual skills are also developed through learning. The decision of right and wrong, the concepts of justice and aesthetic sense, etc. develop through learning
   • knowledge is actively constructed into of social environment
   • STRATEGIES
     • Cognitive Metacognitive Comprehension Memory Social Affective
     • MECHANISMS
       • DEDUCTIVE Using parameters INDUCTIVE Learning from input
       • DEDUCTIVE Traditional teaching INDUCTIVE Rule discovery

2. TEACHING

   • To support, direct and organize the children's learning process
     • Teaching is the process of attending to people’s needs, experiences and feelings, and intervening so that they learn particular things, and go beyond the given.
   • how to teach
     • Implies time, space, skill and other resources
     • suggest activities (it can do independently or can do with assistance)
     • Transfer of knowledge, Research, theory, practice, living classroom, teacher development, experience

3. LANGUAGE

   • A system of conventional spoken, manual, or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves
     • The functions of language include communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release.
   • Grammar
     • Because all language obeys a set of combinatory rules, we can communicate an infinite number of concepts. While every language has a different set of rules, all languages do obey rules. These rules are known as grammar. Speakers of a language have internalized the rules and exceptions for that language’s grammar. There are rules for every level of language—word formation (for example, native speakers of English have internalized the general rule that -ed is the ending for past-tense verbs, so even when they encounter a brand-new verb, they automatically know how to put it into past tense); phrase formation (for example, knowing that when you use the verb “buy,” it needs a subject and an object; “She buys” is wrong, but “She buys a gift” is okay); and sentence formation.
   • Lexicon
     • Every language has its rules, which act as a framework for meaningful communication. But what do people fill that framework up with? The answer is, of course, words. Every human language has a lexicon—the sum total of all of the words in that language. By using grammatical rules to combine words into logical sentences, humans can convey an infinite number of concepts.
   • Introduction to Linguistics
     • Language is such a special topic that there is an entire field, linguistics, devoted to its study. Linguistics views language in an objective way, using the scientific method and rigorous research to form theories about how humans acquire, use, and sometimes abuse language. There are a few major branches of linguistics, which it is useful to understand in order to learn about language from a psychological perspective.
   • Phonetics and Phonology
     • Phonetics is the study of individual speech sounds; phonology is the study of phonemes, which are the speech sounds of an individual language. These two heavily overlapping subfields cover all the sounds that humans can make, as well as which sounds make up different languages. A phonologist could answer the question, “Why do BAT and TAB have different meanings even though they are made of the same three sounds, A, B and T?”
   • Syntax
     • Syntax is the study of sentences and phrases, or how people put words into the right order so that they can communicate meaningfully. All languages have underlying rules of syntax, which, along with morphological rules, make up every language’s grammar. An example of syntax coming into play in language is “Eugene walked the dog” versus “The dog walked Eugene.” The order of words is not arbitrary—in order for the sentence to convey the intended meaning, the words must be in a certain order.
   • Semantics and Pragmatics
     • Semantics, most generally, is about the meaning of sentences. Someone who studies semantics is interested in words and what real-world object or concept those words denote, or point to. Pragmatics is an even broader field that studies how the context of a sentence contributes to meaning—for example, someone shouting “Fire!” has a very different meaning if they are in charge of a seven-gun salute than it does if they are sitting in a crowded movie theater.

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