INTRO

INTRO

1. Organs of speech

   • - Oral and nasal cavities
     • If the velum is raised (velic closure) → nasal cavity is closed → air through the mouth → oral sounds
     • If the velum is lowered (velic opening) → nasal cavity is open → air through the nose → nasal sounds
     • - active: they move (lips, tongue, soft palate)
     • - passive: they don’t move (alveolar ridge, hard palate)
   • Vocal folds
     • - closed: air is blocked then released, like coughing
     • - open: air is expelled freely, like breathing → voiceless, no vibration
     • - nearly together: air cannot escape freely → voiced, vibration

2. Production of sounds

   • - initiation stage
     • pulmonic: air from the lungs
       • * egressive: air outwards
     • non-pulmonic
       • * glottalic: glottalic closure (vocal folds) + closure in the mouth
         • • ejectives: egressive airflow
         • • implosives: ingressive airflow
       • * velaric: velar closure (velum) + closure in the mouth
         • • clicks
   • - phonation stage
     • modal voice: folds nearly together, voicing
     • ~ whisper: open vocal folds, voiceless
     • ~ creaky voice: part of vocal folds together, part slightly open. Low pitch
     • ~ breathy voice (murmur): folds apart at one end, open at the other.
   • - articulatory stage
     • ~ place of articulation: where in the mouth
     • ~ place of articulation: where in the mouth