ANIMALS

ANIMALS

1. Invertebrates

   • They do not have a backbone 
   • THE BODY OF THE INVERTEBRATES
     • -Most have bilateral symmetry.  - Some, like jellyfish and starfish, show radial symmetry -  Other invertebrates sush as sea sponges, have an asymmetric body.
     • May have external or internal skeleton
       • PROTECTS
       • SHAPES IT
       • SUBJECT TO THE MUSCLES
     • The body is covered by a skin that can secrete:
       • Skeletons
       • Thorns
       • Shells
       • Layers of cells with pigments.
     • Offers a wide variety of shapes
   • Classification
   • Vital functios of invertebrates
     • - In some invertebrates, the nervous system does not exist, in other cases it is a simple network ok nerves.
     • - In other, it consists of small ganglion brain.
     • The breathing can be:
       • Cutaneous
       • Gill
       • Pulmonary
       • Tracheal
     • Feeding:
       • Carnivores
       • Herbivores
       • omnivores
     • Reproduction=
       • - Is sexual with separate sexes.
   • PORIFERA
     • - Porifea are the simplest invertebrates animals.
     • - Porifea are aquatic sessile animals that mainly live in the sea. Their bodies are either asymmetrical or have radial symmetry. They do not have true tissues or organs.
     • Vital functions
       • - Sea esponges  breathe by diffusion through  the membranes of their cells and feed by filtration.
       • - Poriferos lack nervous system and sense organs.
       • - Reproduction can be sexual or asexual
     • CLASSIFICATION
       • Demosponjas
         • - Are the bath sponges. They sometimes have silica spicules.
       • Calciesponjas
         • - Its skeleton is made up of calcium carbonate spicules.
       • Hialosponjas
         • - They are called glass sponges, due to its silica espicules.
   • Cnidarians
     • - Are aquatic animals that have radial symmetry. Their cells are grouped in simple tissues. Some cnidarians have organs. 
     • Vital functios
       • - Breathing is dermal.
       • - They have very simple sensory organs, related to vision and balance.  
       • - In polyps, reproduction can be asexual by budding or sexual; in jellyfish it is usually sexual.
     • Classification (cnidarians)
       • Hydrozoans
         • - Freshwater hydra belongs to this group.
       • Anthozoans
         • - Are the anemones and the corals.
       • sciphozoans
         • -  Are de marine jellyfish.
   • ANNELIDS
     • - They are animals as well known as earthworms and leeches. However the most abundant and, at the same time, the most unknown, are marine. 
     • Vital functions
       • - Breathing is cutaneous =  gills Some are carnivores
       • - Present  sense organs to detect light or flavors.
     • Classification (annelids)
       • Oligochetes
         • -  They have few quetas. The earthworm is an example.
       • Polychaetes
         • - They have many quetas. Nereis belongs to this group.
       • Hirudineans
         • - They lack quetas, like the leech.
   • MOLLUSCS
     • - Are invertebrates that have soft bodies and bilateral symmetry. The majority of them are aquatic, although there are a few exceptions such as snails and slugs.
     • Vital functions
       • - Aquatic molluscs breathe through gills and the terrestial by lungs. Alimentation=  Carnivores=> squid Hervivores=> slug Filters=> mussel
       • - They present sense organs related to smell, touch and taste.
       • - The reproduction is always sexual. Many have separate sexes.
     • Classification (molluscs)
       • Gastropods
         • - Snail, slug and limpet.
       • Bivalves
         • - Clam, mussel and oyster.
       • Cephalopods
         • - Octopus, squid and cuttlefish.
   • ECHINODERMS
     • -  Are aquatic invertebrates that live in the sea. They generally have radial simmetry which is characterised by skeleton consisting of rigid plates under the skin.
     • Vital functions
       • - Breathe through gills located in the skin and through the ambulacral system.
       • - Some echinoderms have an eye spot on the end of each arm that detects changes in light intensity.
       • - Reproduction is sexual, with the sexes separated although there are hermaphroditic species. Fertilization is external.
     • Classification
       • Asteroideos
         • - The starfish belongs to this group.
       • Ofiuroideos
         • - The ofiura shaped like a star witth thin arms.
       • Echinoids
         • - Is the sea urchin.
       • Holoturoideos
         • - Holothuria or sea cucumber has a cylindrical body.
   • ARTHROPODS
     • - Are the most  varied and largest phylum of the animal kingdom. More than 75% of all known species belong to this group. Due to their diversity, arthropods  can be found in wide range of enviroments.
     • - Arthropods show bilateral simmetry.
     • Vital functions
       •  - Aquatic arthropods breathe although gills and terrestrial ones through tracheas. They can be carnivores, hervivores and omnivores. 
       • - The sense organs are highly developed and varied. It can have simple eyes or ocelli, compound eyes and sensitive hairs.
       • - They occur sexually, with separates sexes and internal fecundation.
     • Classification
       • Arachnids
       • Crustaceans
       • Myriapods
       • Insects

2. Vertebrates

   • - Vertebrates animals are more complex than invertebrates animals. All vertebrates belong to the phylum Chordata.
   • The body of vertebrates
     • - Her body has bilateral symmetry.
     • - They have internal skeleton. = Spine and cranium.
     • - Their body is covered with skin, which have insulating and protective structures=  Escales, feathers, hair, claws or horns.
     • - The body is divided into head, trunk and tail.
   • Vital functions
     • - Breathing can be done through the skin using gills or lungs. Alimentation= Carnivores, hervivores, omnivores and filters.
     • - Vertebrates have a highly developed nervous system and sense organs.
     • - Reproduction is sexual with  separates sexes. = oviparous, viviparous and oviviparous.
   • Classification
     • Fishes
     • Amphibians
     • Reptiles
     • Birds
     • Mammals
   • FISH
     • - Are ectothermic aquatic vertebrates with a head, torso and tail. Their body is covered with scales, exept for the head.
     • Vital finctions
       • - Breathe through brachia, protected by operculum. = Carnivores or filters.
       • - Allmost all are oviparous and of external fertilization.
       • - Between its sense organs the lateral line stands out (they perceive and detect).
     • Classificaton
       • Cartilaginous
         • - Its skeleton is made of cartilage, making it flexible.
       • Osseous
         • - His bone skeleton is stiffer.
   • AMPHIBIANS
     • - Are ectothermic vertebrates with bare skin. They live in to diffrent enviroments=  AQUATIC TERRESTRIAL
     • Vital functions
       • - They breathe through the lungs and the larvae through gills, they also have cutaneous breathing. = Carnivores and hervivores
       • - Toads and frogs have vocal cord.
       • - Fertilization is usually external in frogs and toads and internal in salamanders and newts. Are ovipares and ovovivipares.
     • Classification
       • Urodels
         • - They have a tail and an elongated body.
       • Anuros
         • - They lack a tail and the body is compact.
   • Reptiles
     • - Are ectothermic vertebrates. They are mostly terrestrial, although some are adapted to an aquatic enviroment.
     • Vital functions
       • - Breathing is always pulmonary. = Carnivores, hervivores and omnivores.
       • - Some have an additional nose in the sky of the mouth.
       • - Fertilization is usually internal.  = ovipares and ovivipares
     • Classification
       • Saurians
       • Ophidians
         • -  They are elongated and limbless.
       • Chelonians
         • - They have a bony heart and horny beak.
       • Crocodilios
         • -  They are reptile of large size.
   • Birds
     • - They are endothermic animals, they can live in any type of climate. Some birds migrate...
     • Vital functions
       • - Their lungs have air sacs that promate air circulation. ç = omnivores, granivores, insectivores, frugivores, nectarivores, piscivores and filters.
       • - Sight its most developed sense.
       • - Fertilization is internal and they are oviparous.
     • Classification
       • Passerines
       • Galliformes
       • Ciconiformes
       • Anseriformes
       • Falconiformes
   • Mammals
     • - Are endothermic vertebrates. Many mammal live on land, but some are aquatic.
     • Vital functions
       • - They all have pulmonary respiration. =  Carnivores, hervivores and omnivores
       • - They have the most developed nervous system of all animals. Allows perfect coordination.
       • - Internal fertilization and many are viviparous.
     • The human being is a special mammals
     • Classification
       • Oviparous
         • - Reproduce by eggs with  shell.
       • Marsupials
         • - They are born very early and continue their development bag (pouch)
       • Placentarius
         • - Thanks to the placenta they complete their development before born.

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