THREE MOMENTS OF ENGLISH (OLD , MIDDLE AND MODERN)

THREE MOMENTS OF ENGLISH (OLD , MIDDLE AND MODERN)

1. OLD ENGLISH ( c.500 - c.1100)

   • c.500 BC
     • Celts inhabit much of Europe, and beginning to colonize the British Isles.
     • 55 BC
       • First Roman raids on Britain under Julius Caesar
       • 43 AD
         • Roman occupation of Britain under Emperor Claudius (beginning of Roman rule of Britain)
         • 410-436
           • Roman withdrawal from Britain
           • c.450
             • 450-480
               • 597
                 • c.600
                   • c.660
                     • 731
                       • 792
                         • c.800
                           • Old English epic poem “Beowulf” composed
                           • 865
                             • The Danes launch full-scale invasion and occupy Northumbria
                             • 871
                               • Alfred the Great becomes king of Wessex, encourages English prose and translation of Latin works
                               • 871
                                 • “The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle” is begun
                                 • 878
                                   • Danelaw established, dividing Britain into Anglo-Saxon south and Danish north
                                   • 911
                                     • Charles II of France grants Normandy to the Viking chief Hrolf the Ganger (the beginning of Norman French)
                                     • c.1000
                                       • The oldest surviving manuscript of “Beowulf” dates from this period
                                       • 1066
                                         • The Norman conquest under William the Conqueror
                                         • 1086
                                           • “Domesday Book” compiled
                                           • c.1100
                                             • London becomes de facto capital of England
                         • Viking raids of Britain begin
                       • The Venerable Bede writes “The Ecclesiastical History of the English People” (in Latin)
                     • “Cædmon's Hymn” composed in Old English
                   • Anglo-Saxon language covers most of modern-day England
                 • St. Augustine arrives in Britain (beginning of Christian conversion of the Anglo-Saxons)
               • Earliest Old English inscriptions
             • Anglo-Saxon settlement (Angles, Frisians, Saxons, Jutes) of Britain begins
   • MODERN ENGLISH( c.1500 - c.1800)
     • 1526
       • William Tyndale prints his English translation of the New Testament of “The Bible”
       • 1539
         • “The Great Bible” published
         • 1549
           • First version of “The Book of Common Prayer” published
           • c.1590
             • William Shakespeare writes his first plays
             • 1604
               • Robert Cawdrey publishes the first English dictionary, “A Table Alphabeticall”
               • 1607
                 • Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World, established
                 • 1611
                   • The Authorized, or King James Version, of “The Bible” is published
                   • 1616
                     • Death of William Shakespeare
                     • 1622
                       • Publication of the first English-language newspaper, the “Courante” or “Weekly News”
                       • 1623
                         • First Folio of Shakespeare’s works is published
                         • 1702
                           • Publication of the first daily English-language newspaper, “The Daily Courant”, in London
                           • 1755
                             • Samuel Johnson publishes his “Dictionary of the English Language”
                             • 1763
                               • Britain wrests control of Canada from the French
                               • 1777
                                 • Last native speaker of the Celtic Cornish language dies
                                 • 1782
                                   • George Washington defeats Cornwallis at Yorktown and Britain abandons its American colonies
                                   • 1788
                                     • British penal colony established in Australia
                                     • 1788
                                       • First publication of “The Times” newspaper in London
                                       • 1788
                                         • Noah Webster publishes “The American Spelling Book”
                                         • 1795
                                           • First English settlement at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa
   • MIDDLE ENGLISH ( c.1100 - c.1500)
     • c.1150
       • The oldest surviving manuscripts in Middle English date from this period
       • 1154
         • Eleanor of Aquitaine, French wife of Henry II, becomes Queen Consort of England
         • 1154
           • “The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle” discontinued
           • 1167
             • Oxford University established
             • c.1180
               • The “Ormulum” text of the monk Orm completed
               • 1204
                 • King John loses the province of Normandy to France
                 • 1209
                   • Cambridge University established
                   • 1349-50
                     • The Black Death kills one third of the British population
                     • 1362
                       • The Statute of Pleading replaces French with English as the language of law (although records continue to be kept in Latin)
                       • 1362
                         • English is used in English Parliament for the first time
                         • c.1370
                           • William Langland writes “Piers Plowman”
                           • 1384
                             • John Wycliffe publishes his English translation of “The Bible”
                             • 1385
                               • English replaces Latin as main language in schools (except Universities of Oxford and Cambridge)
                               • c.1388
                                 • Chaucer begins “The Canterbury Tales”
                                 • 1399
                                   • Henry IV becomes first English-speaking monarch since before the Conquest
                                   • c.1450
                                     • The Great Vowel Shift begins
                                     • 1476
                                       • William Caxton establishes the first English printing press
                                       • c.1500
                                         • Start of English Renaissance

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