Approaches

Approaches

1. Grammatical

   • About: It is mostly teacher-centered. There is an emphasis on the rules as well as the structure of the new language.
     • Methods:
       • Audiolingual (Historical)
         • About: The grammar structures are sequenced. The native language is not used a lot. This method emphasizes error correction, drills, repetition, and practice.
           • Application: The teacher will give the students a chart with the grammatical rules. The teacher will have the students complete grammar drill worksheets.
       • Grammar-Translation (Historical)
         • About: There is an emphasis on the development of writing, reading, and grammar. There is not as much emphasis on oral language development. The grammatical rules are taught completely.
           • Application: The teacher will have the students write in their journals. The teacher will explicitly teach the student the rules so then they can use it in their journals.

2. Communicative

   • About: Student-centered, communication is important, and meaningful acquisition of knowledge is important.
     • Methods:
       • Sheltered instruction
         • About: The curriculum is grade-level modified. The instructions are scaffolded. It may include visuals, cooperative learning, and guarded vocabulary.
           • Application: Throughout the lesson the teacher will incorporate visuals and a guarded vocabulary chart for the learners to refer to.
       • Natural Way (Historical)
         • About: It stresses the comprehensible input. There is minimal error production and it is accepting of the students' native language. It does not have to be content-based.
           • Application: The teacher will honor the learner's native language by allowing the learner to write in their native language. The teacher will provide feedback, but minial explicit correcton.

3. Cognitive

   • About: It is learner-centered. It focuses on the explicit teaching of learning strategies in communicative ways.
     • Method:
       • CALLA
         • About: The language instructions are more developmentally appropriate for the learners. The focus is intentional on CALP development. It uses explicit instruction in the learning strategies: Metacognitive, Cognitive, and Social.
           • Application: The teacher will give the students explicit instructions and help the learners develop in their L1 and L2. The teacher will focus on the learner's day to day language.

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