Space and volume

Space and volume

1. Relations of proximity and distance between flat forms

   • We use different sizes
     • To create
       • Space
       • Sense of depth
   • Overlapping
     • One partly covers the other one
     • Ones on top are positioned in front and closer to the viewer
   • Transparency
     • Variant of superimposition criterion
     • Figures behind are seen in a veiled way
   • Contrast
     • In colours
       • Warm colours
         • Give a sense of proximity
       • Cool colours
         • Give a sense of depth and distance
     • In the definition of forms
       • Forms represented with details
         • Seem closer
       • Forms that are less defined
         • Seem further away

2. Chiaroscuro

   • This contrast allows observers
     • Perceive relief in a drawing
   • Without it
     • Drawings would only be free forms
   • Light sources can be
     • Natural
       • Sun
       • Moon
     • Artificial
       • Flame
       • Lamp
   • Light can be
     • Direct
     • Reflected
   • Shadows can be
     • Form
     • Cast
   • Zones of values
     • Highlight
     • Middle-tone area
     • Shadow
     • Reflection

3. Drawing techniques

   • Pencils
     • Hard pencils
       • Leads are finer
       • Have pale grey strokes
       • Feels
         • Dry
         • Rough
       • Used for
         • Outline defnition
         • Linear drawing
     • Soft pencils
       • Are
         • Thicker
         • More brittle
       • They offer a
         • Darker
         • Oilier
           • Stroke
         • Softer
       • Used for
         • Freehand drawing
         • Shading
   • Charcoal
     • Small bar of vegetable coal
     • Used for
       • Making
         • Intense strokes
         • Stripes
         • Smudges
           • Quicker than with a pencil
     • A charcoal composition
       • Requires
         • Sketching
           • During the first phase.
         • Drawing
     • This tool spreads graphite on the paper
       • Giving it a relatively even blur

4. Painting techniques

   • Coloured pencils
     • Similar to graphite ones but they contain coloured leads
     • Their colours vary
       • Consist of coloured pigments glued together with wax
     • Impressionist painters like Toulouse Lautrec
       • Appreciated this technique
   • Pastels and wax crayons
     • Dried paints glued together with a similar liquid as charcoal
     • Steps for using them
       • 1. Sketch the pattern with a pencil
       • 2. Define the figures and outlines followed by chiaroscuro zones
       • 3. Draw the different elements with suitable colours.
       • 4. Identify the most intense shadow zone and use the corresponding tone to convey this on paper

5. Engraving

   • Types
     • Relief printing
     • Hole printing
     • Planographic printing
       • Lithography
     • Screen printing

6. Collage

   • Different pieces of material glued onto a surface
   • Types
     • Paper and cardboard
     • Solid materials
       • Pieces of wood
       • Fabrics
       • Metals
       • Other objects

7. The creative process

   • Phases
     • 1. Preparation
       • Involves establishing a creative objective and choosing which medium to use
     • 2. Conversion of information into ideas
       • Tasks of
         • Manipulating
         • Experimenting
         • Brainstorming
         • Finding alternatives to the proposed objective
     • 3. Evaluation
       • The creator must evaluate which ideas are the best
     • 4. Production
       • The artist must carry out the final idea
         • Otherwise, frustration will run very high

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