Nadia burns her hand

Nadia burns her hand

1. Integumentary system

   • Skin layers
     • Dermis
     • Epidermis
     • Hypodermis
   • Functions
     • Protection against
       • Mechanical thermal and other physical injury
       • Harmful agents (Acid mantle)
       • Excessive loss of moisture
       • Radiation (Melanin)
     • Thermoregulation
       • Vasodilation
       • Vasoconstriction
         • Controls heat loss
       • secretion and evaporation of sweat
     • Excretion
       • sebaceous glands
         • Secrete sebum
           • helps maintain healthy skin
       • Sweat glands
         • secrete urea and uric acid

2. Burn

   • causes
     • Fire
     • Hot liquids
     • steam
     • Chemicals
     • Radiation
     • Electricity
   • Types
     • 1st degree
       • Damage to the epidermis only
       • Full recovery is expected
       • redness/pain
       • does not require doctor visit
       • Least severe
     • 2nd degree
       • Damage to the epidermis and the upper layer of the dermis
       • Partial thickness burn
       • Blisters appear
     • 3rd degree
       • Destruction of all layers of the skin
       • Skin appears white or charred
       • Medical emergency
       • Full thickness burn
   • Complications
     • Bacterial infection (Sepsis)
     • hypovolemia
     • Hypothermia
     • Scar formation
     • Bone and joint problems due to scar tissue

3. Cell injury

   • cells stressed so severely that they are no longer able to adapt
     • Causes
       • Oxygen deprivation
       • Ageing
       • Pathogens
       • Toxins
       • Physical agents
     • Reversible cell injury
       • Cell can regain normal morphology and function
     • Irreversible cell injury
       • Cell death due to severe injury
         • Necrosis
           • Morphologic changes seen in dead cells within living tissue
         • Apoptosis
           • Programmed cell death

4. Bacteria

   • prokaryotes that are They are classified based on size, shape, arrangement(morphology) and staining characteristics
   • Can cause infections which lead to inflammation
     • Cardinal signs of inflammation
       • Redness
       • Heat
       • Pain
       • Swelling
       • Loss of function

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