ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

1. principles

   • Cognitive
     • Intrinsic Motivation
     • Strategic Investment
     • Anticipation of Rewards
     • Meaningful Learning
     • Automaticity
   • Affective
     • Language Ego
     • Self-Confidence
     • Risk-Taking
     • Language-Culture Connection
   • Linguistic
     • Native Language Effect
     • Interlanguage
     • Communicative Competence

2. Grammar Translation Method

   • Overview
     • is based on learning rules of grammar and their application in translation passages from one language into other.
   • Objectives
     • to learn a language in order to benefit from the mental discipline and intellectual development that result from foreign-language study
   • Key Features
     • (1) Classes are taught in the mother tongue, (2) vocabulary is taught in the form of lists (3) Long elaborate explanations (4) instruction often focuses on the form and inflection of words. (5) Reading of difficult classical texts is begun early. (6) Little attention to the content of texts (7) Often the only drills are exercises in translating (8) no attention is given to pronunciation
   • Typical Techniques
     • (1) Translation of a Literary Passage (2) Reading Comprehension Questions (3) Antonyms/Synonyms (4) Cognates (5) Deductive Application of Rule (6) Fill-in-the-blanks (7) Memorization (8) Use Words in Sentences

3. The Direct Method

   • Overview
     • refers to the most widely known of the natural methods.
   • Objectives
     • teaching the students how to use the language spontaneously and orally, linking meaning with the target language through the use of realia, pictures or pantomime
   • Key Features
     • (1) instructions conducted in the target language. (2) Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught. (3) carefully traded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges (5) New teaching points are taught through modeling and practice. (6) Concrete vocabulary is taught through demonstration (7) speech and listening comprehension are taught. (8) Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized.
   • Typical Techniques
     • (1) Reading Aloud (2) Question and Answer Exercise (3) Student Self-Correction (4) Conversation Practice (5) Fill-in-the-blank Exercise (6) Dictation (7) Paragraph Writing

4. Audiolingual Method

   • Overview
     • is a method based in accurate pronunciation and grammar, the ability to respond quickly and accurately in speech situations and knowledge of sufficient vocabulary to use with grammar patterns.
   • Objectives
     • The idea was to project the linguistic patterns of the language (based on the studies of structural linguists) into the minds of the learners in a way that made responses automatic and "habitual"
   • Key Features
     • (1) Set phrases with a focus on intonation (2) Grammatical explanations (3) Vocabulary (4) Audio-visual aids are used (5) Focus is on pronunciation
   • Typical Techniques
     • (1) Dialog Memorization (2) Backward Build-up (3) Repitition Drill (4) Chain Drill (5) Single Slot Substitution Drill (6) Multiple-slot Substitution Drill (7) Transformation Drill (8) Question-and-answer Drill (9) Use of Minimal Pairs (10) Complete the Dialog (11) Grammar Games

5. Communicative Language Teaching Approach

   • Overview
     • was also helped by new academic ideas. Chomsky had shown that the structural theories of language prevalent at the time could not explain the creativity and variety evident in real communication.
   • Basic Features of CL
     • (1) An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language. (2) The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation. (3) The provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on the language but also on the learning process itself. (4) An enhancement of the learner's own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning. (5) An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activation outside the classroom.

6. Total Physical Response

   • Overview
     • based on the coordination of language and physical movement. The teacher give commands to students in the target language and students respond with whole-body actions.
   • Key Features
     • (1) The teacher directs and students "act" in response (2) Listening and physical response skills are emphasized over oral production. (3) The imperative mood is the most common language function employed (4) humor is injected into the lessons to make them more enjoyable for learners. (5) Students are not required to speak until they feel naturally ready or confident enough to do so. (6) Grammar and vocabulary are emphasized over other language areas
   • Objectives
     • learning needed to become more enjoyable and less stressful.
   • Typical techniques
     • (1) Using Commands to Direct Behavior (2) Role Reversal (3) Action Sequence

7. Natural Approach

   • It aims to foster naturalistic language acquisition in a classroom setting, with more emphasizes in communication and least importance on grammar study, and makes more explicit correction of student errors. The study is not forced, focuses on communicative abilities like listening and reading.
   • (1) Materials of reading comprehensible. (2) Use of visual aids (3) Total Physical Response command drills (4) The activities mime, gestures and context (5) Group work activities (6) The teacher shows a set of pictures of, say, food and drink, repeating the word that goes with each with one; the students simply watch and listen. (7) The students listen to a tape and tick the items they hear on a sheet. (8) The students read aloud texts.

8. Silent Way

   • Overview
     • is based on the premise that the teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom but the learner should be encouraged to produce as much language as possible
   • Typical Techniques
     • (1) Sound-Color Chart (2) Teacher's Silence (3) Peer Correction (4) Rods (5) Self-correction Gestures (6) Word Chart
   • objectives
     • Teachers using the Silent Way want their students to become highly independent and experimental learners
   • Key feature
     • (1) Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers or creates rather than remembers and repeats what is to be learned. (2) Learning is facilitated by accompanying (mediating) physical objects. (3) Learning is facilitated by problem-solving involving the material to be learned.

9. Suggestopedia

   • Overview
     • were the giving over of complete control and authority to the teacher and the encouragement of learners to act as "childishly" as possible, often even assuming names and characters in the target language
   • Key Features
     • (1) Learning is facilitated in an environment that is as comfortable (2) posters and decorations featuring (3) The teacher control in the classroom. (4) Self-perceived and psychological barriers (5) Students are encouraged to be child-like (6) Baroque music is played softly (7) Students work from lengthy dialogs (8) Errors are tolerated, the emphasis being
   • Typical Techniques
     • (1) Classroom Set-up (2) Peripheral Learning (3) Positive Suggestion (4) Visualization (5) Choose a New Identity (6) Role-play (7) First Concert (8) Second Concert (9) Primary Activation (10) Secondary Activation
   • Objectives
     • to tap into more of students' mental potential to learn, in order to accelerate the process by which they learn to understand and use the target language for communication

10. Community Language Learning

    • Overview
      • represents the use of Counseling-Learning theory to teach languages.
    • Objectives
      • tries to encourage the students to take increasingly more responsibility for their own learning, and to "learn about their learning", so to speak.
    • Key Features
      • (1) Students are "learner-clients" and the teacher "teacher-councelor". (2) A relationship of mutual trust a is considered essential (3) Students are permitted to use their native language, (4) Grammar and vocabulary are taught inductively. (5) "Chunks" are recorded and later listened (6) Students apply the target language without translation (7) Students are encouraged to express how they feel about the learning process, (8) A variety of activities can be included
    • Typical Techniques
      • (1) Tape Recording Student Conversation (2) Transcription (3) Reflection on Experience (4) Reflective Listening (5) Human Computer (6) Small Group Tasks

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