MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

1. PREVIOUS CONCEPTS

   • Atoms:
     • Atoms are the smallest and most stable units of matter. They maintain all the properties of a chemical element. They are organized and classified based on their atomic numbers, chemical properties, and electronic charge on the periodic table.
   • Electron:
     • An electron is a particle with a negative electrical charge. Electrons form the “reactive” outer shell of atoms that interact with one another and form the chemical bonds that hold molecules together. The flow of electrons between two points generates electric current.
   • Proton:
     • Protons have a charge of 1.6022*10-19 C and are responsible for the positive charge of an atom. Therefore, the electric charge of an atom is negative only if the number of electrons is greater than the number of protons. On the contrary, it is positive if the number of protons exceeds the number of electrons.
   • Link:
     • A chemical bond is the force that binds atoms together to form chemical compounds. This union confers stability to the resulting compound. The energy required to break a chemical bond is called the binding energy.
   • Orbit:
     • The trajectory followed by an object around a specific point in space is called an orbit, for example, that of the Moon around the Earth. Orbits are determined by gravity and are often "elliptical", that is, oval in shape.
   • Octet:
     • The octet rule or octet rule is a postulate that is used in the context of chemistry. This is the tendency shown by atoms to complete their energy level with eight electrons to achieve stability.
   • Lewis:
     • In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or donate an electron pair and form a coordination covalent bond.
   • Photon:
     • A photon is an elementary particle that, according to the principles of quantum physics, makes up light. Like all elementary particles, photons have no known internal structure and are not made up of other smaller particles.
   • Wavelength:
     • The wavelength is an actual distance traveled by the wave (which is not necessarily the distance traveled by the particles or the medium that propagates the wave, as in the case of ocean waves, in which the wave advances horizontally and the particles move vertically.
   • Radiation:
     • Radiation is the emission, propagation and transfer of energy in any medium in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. Living beings have coexisted with radiation since their origins. Without radiation from the sun, there would have been no life on earth and without infrared radiation we could not warm ourselves.
   • Molecule:
     • A molecule is a set of atoms (of the same chemical element or of many different ones) that are organized and interrelated by means of chemical bonds. A molecule is also considered to be the smallest part of a substance that still retains the physical and chemical properties of the substance. Molecules are usually chemically stable and electrically neutral.
   • Quantum number:
     • Quantum numbers describe the values of dynamic variables that are conserved in quantum systems. Therefore, they correspond to those observables that commute with the Hamiltonian of the system. Thus, the quantum numbers allow us to characterize the stationary states, that is, the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian. Quantum numbers are numerical values that indicate the characteristics of the electrons in atoms, this is based on Neils Bohr's atomic theory, which is the most accepted and used atomic model in recent times due to its simplicity. power level: Energy levels (also called electron shells) are fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons can be found. As you go further from the nucleus, the electrons at higher energy levels have more energy.
   • Valencia:
     • There are different types of valence, but one of the most common is principal valence, or normal valence. The principal valence is the number of chemical bonds that an atom of a chemical element can form in the normal or usual way. For example, carbon has a principal valence of 4, which means it can form four chemical bonds with other atoms.
   • Compton thrust:
     • It consists of the transmission of part of the energy of the incident particle on an electron, which passes to a layer of higher energy or remains free in the middle and a second photon is created with the energy left over from the shock.
   • Job function:
     • The work function, Φ, is the minimum amount of energy required to induce photoemission of electrons from the surface of a metal, and the value of Φ depends on the metal. Incident radiation scattering effect. This effect arises from the interaction or clash between the particles that affect a matter and its atomic elements.