Taxi Driver

Taxi Driver

1. anatomy of the vertebral column

   • 5 regions
     • cervical
       • 7 vertebrae
     • thoracic
       • 12 vertebrae
     • lumbar
       • 5 vertebrae
     • sacral
       • 5 vertebrae
     • coccygeal
       • 4 vertebrae
   • joints
     • zygapophyseal joints
       • synovial joints
       • between the inferior articular process of superior vertebrae and the inferior vertebra's superior articular process
       • control flexion, extension, revolving and cervical and lumbar bertebrae
     • atlanto occipital joint
       • atlas as well as skull
       • synovial
         • condyloid
       • flexion as well as extension of the neck
     • atlanto axial joint
       • synovial
         • pivot
       • revolvation of the atlas as well as the skull around the axis
       • between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
   • ligaments
     • anterior longit ligament
       • prevent hyperextension
     • posterior longit ligament
       • prevent hyperflexion
     • ligamentum flavum
       • preserve the normal curvature
     • interspinal ligament
     • supraspinous ligament
     • intertransverse ligament
   • the back's muscle
     • superficial layer
     • intermediate layer
     • Deep layer
       • Splenius
         • action
           • Extend neck and head
           • rotate in unilateral action
       • erector spinae
         • spinalis (medially)
         • longissmus (intermeiate)
         • iliocostalis (laterally)
       • transverso-spinalis
   • movements
     • extention
     • revolving
     • inflection
     • lateral inflection
   • curvatures of the back

2. Examination of the spinal cord

3. sacral plexus

   • sciatic nerve
     • supplies commotion to the skin of the foot and the lower leg excluding for the internal side
     • roots
       • L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
     • branches
       • semitendinous
       • semimembranosus
       • adductor
       • biceps femoris
     • commotion to skin to the sole of the feet
     • tibial nerve
       • supply the posterior compartment of the leg and sole of the foot (planter aspect)
     • common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve)
       • supply the muscles of the anterior and lateral compartments
   • supply the pelvis and the lower limbs

4. lower back pain

   • alleviating elements
     • standing, walking
   • aggravating factors
     • sneezing, lifting, coughing and sitting
   • causes
     • disc breakdown
     • spasms
     • tense muscles
     • Ruptured disks
     • injuries ( fractures, falls)
     • tumors
     • gestation
     • kidney stones
     • spinal stenosis
     • scoliosis

5. visual analogue scale

6. intervertebral disc

   • anatomy
     • joining the bodies of vertebrae
     • bipartite
       • outermost: annulus fibrosis
         • parallel collagen bundles
       • innermost: nucleus pulposus
         • soft gelatinous material
   • diseases
     • herniated disc
       • protrusions of the nucleus pulposus take place posterolaterlly
       • usually occur in the lumbar district
       • indications
         • localised pain
         • if nerve root iscompressed
           • sciatice
             • administration
               • physiotherapy
                 • knee to chest extend
                 • sciatic mobilising stretch
                 • back addition
                 • standing hamstring
                 • lying deep gluteal stretch
               • Alternative management
                 • acupuncture
                 • palpation
                 • chiropractic therapy
               • abscission
                 • partial discectomy
                   • the fragments of the ruptured disc are detach
                 • kinds
                   • spine fusion
                   • disc renewal
                 • indication for surgical interference
                   • spinal cord condense
             • compression on the sciatic nerve
             • source
               • common wear and tear
       • stages
         • degeneration
         • prolapse
         • sequestration
         • extrusion

7. placebo result

   • definition
     • a drug or other form of treatment that mimics a standard one but it is ineffective
   • remembered wellbeing
   • nocebo result
   • conditioning result
   • expectation result

8. physical examination

   • special examinations
     • femoral nerve stretch examination
     • straight leg elevate
     • schober's examination
   • look
   • feel
   • palpate

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