Motivation

Motivation

1. Motivation is one of the most important issues in the affective variables. In the field of second language learning, studies conducted by many scholars lead to three mainly factors that contribute to the learning experience in the individual as the learning style, learning strategies and the affective variables. Which motivation has an important roll. Winfield in 1994 said that motivation is based on how much the individual expect to succeed and their value of their success. In another side, Gardner mentioned that motivation is the combination of effort plus the desire to archive a goal, combine to the favorable attitudes towards it.

2. Instrumental Motivation

   • Concrete goals
   • Rewards
   • Was developed from Skehan's hypothesis the carrot and Stick. Which implied "External influence and incentive". Instrumental motivation is Center on rewards and short and realistic goals. Generally, the effects of instrumental motivation tend to persist for a shorter period of time, unless the individual pushes himself further by setting new goals.
     • it requieres less effort and do not take to much time to archive.
     • Muchnick and Wolfe argue that it is imposible to separate the integrative and the instrumental motivation in some occasions

3. 1914

4. The different types of motivation

   • Ellis
     • Integrative motivation
     • Instrumental motivation
     • Resultative motivation
     • motivation as intrinsic interest
     • The different theories and models of motivation began to appear in 1950's, with the proposing of the socio-educational model of language learning, which contains two types of motivations: integrative and instrumental. It help other scholars as Deci and Ryan, and Skehan's four hypothesis.

5. Integrative Motivation

   • Interested in knowing other people with a different language.
   • Interested in the culture associated with that language.
   • These are people who are integratively motivated to learn the language. So they may have significant others such as boyfriend or girlfriend who speak the language, and this has a powerful integrative motivation for language learning.
     • Studies has revealed that language learners who are integratively motivated are more successful than those who are instrumentally motivated.

6. Resultative Motivation

   • General formula created by Ellis: Low motivation = low archivement = lower motivation.
   • The relationship between motivation and archivement. It is important to generate students attention. it is true that student who performed well in classroom are more likely to gain confidence and to be more willing to participate.
     • Welcoming students. Big smile. Be kind
     • According to Gardner it is not true that learning increased because of motivation.

7. Effects of motivations

   • Positive Motivation
     • Students who enjoy learning a second language or have a clear aim tend to work harder than those who has no interes
       • Motivation is not enough
       • It means nothing if no accion is taken.
   • Negative
     • Unwillingness and anxiety
   • Positive
     • Optimism and upbeat resonses
   • Every student will experience both in some levels of their studies
   • Negative Motivation
     • Machiavellian Motivation
       • The student is going to try beat someone expectation or ego by studing harder. Having an "Opponent"
         • "To Conquer"
         • Teachers could help with setting goals to their students