Chapter 7:The Atmosphere

Chapter 7:The Atmosphere

1. Section 1:The Air Around You

   • Composition of the Atmosphere
     • Nitrogen
       • Nitrogen is the most common gas in the atmosphere. Each nitrogen molecule consists of two nitrogen atoms. 
     • Ozone
       • A form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of the usual two.
     • Oxygen
       • Plants and organisms use light to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and to produce food.Oxygen ios necessary in order for the wood to burn.
     • Carbon Dioxide
       • Each carbon of carbon dioxide has one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. 

2. Section 2:Air Pressure

   • Density
     • Recall that the amount of mass in a given volume of air is its density.
   • Prtessure
     • The force pushing on an area or surface is as known as pressure.
   • Air Pressure
     • Air Pressure is the result of the weight of a column of air pushing down on an area.
   • Measuring Air Pressure
     • Barometer
       • An instrument that is used to measure air pressure
     • Mercury Barometer
       • It consists of a glass tube open at the bottom end and partially filled with murcery.
     • Aneroid Barometer
       • It has an airtight metal chamber. 

3. Section 3:Layers of Atmosphere

   • Troposphere
     • You live in the inner, or lowest, layer of Earth's atmosphere, the troposphere
   • Thermosphere
     • The thermosphere extends from 80 kilometers above Earth's surface outward into space.
   • Stratosphere
     • It extends from the top of the troposphere to about 50 kilometers above Earth's surface.
   • Mesosphere
     • Above the stratosphere, a drop in temperature marks the beginning of the next layer, the mesosphere. Meso-  means middle so the mesosphere is the middle of the layer.

4. Section 4:Energy in Earth's Atmosphere

   • Energy from the sun
     • Radiation
       • The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
     • Infrared Radiation
       • It has wavelengths that are longer than red light. It is not visible, but can be felt as heat.
     • Ultraviolet Radiation
       • It is an invisible form of energy with wavelengths that are shorter than violet light. It can cause sunburns. It can also cause skin cancer and eye damage.

5. Section 5:Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere

   • Thermal Energy and Temperature
     • Thermal Energy
       • It is the total energy of motion in the particles of a substance.
     • Thermometer
       • It is a thin glass tube whit a bulb on one end that contains a liquid, usually colored alcohol.
   • How Heat is Transferred
     • Convection
       • It is the transfer of heat by the movement of fluid.
     • Convection Currents
       • It is form by the upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air. It moves heat throughout the troposphere.
     • Conduction
       • It is the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.

6. Section 6:Winds

   • What is Wind
     • Anemometer
       • Wind speed can be measured with an anemometer.
     • Wind-Chill Factor
       • The increased cooling a wind can cause is called the wind-chill factor.
   • Local Winds
     • Land Breeze
       • It is the flow of air from land to a body of water.
     • Sea Breeze
       • It is a local wind that blows from an ocean or lake.