Language Policy and Planning (LPP)

Language Policy and Planning (LPP)

1. What for

   • Setting standards for acquisition and use of language
   • Solving language problems at national level
   • Addressing the modernization-language-development connection

2. Main contributors

   • Neustupny
     • Correction model
       • Inadequacies
         • Communicative acts of individuals
         • Communicative system in general
       • LPP as the societal and conscious analogue of personal language correction process
   • Fishman
     • LPP as intervention of language ecology
       • Maintenance
       • Revival
       • Shift
     • Characterized language problems (and their LPP related processes)
       • Selection (policy -decisions)
       • Stability (codification)
       • Expansion (elaboration)
       • Differentiation (cultivation)
   • Ferguson
     • Identified outcomes based on Fishman's findings
       • Graphization
       • Standarization
       • Modernization

3. Language planning activities

   • Corpus planning
     • Norms selection and codification
       • Dictionaries
       • Grammars
       • Literacy manuals
       • Pronounciation and writing style guides
   • Status planning
     • Laws
     • Prescriptive clauses
     • Regulation of language use in public administration
   • Acquisition planning
     • Language teaching policies
   • Usage planning
     • Utilization/regeneration of less used/dying languages
   • Prestige planning
     • Upraises the valoration of a linguistic code
   • Discourse planning
     • Attempts to influence thinking, behavior and belief systems

4. History

   • No guided for common goals
   • Facts and findings
     • Plato´s free literacy
     • Merging of cultivated literary languages--> national culture
     • Language standarization is a cultural achievement
     • Qin Shihuangdi's unitary policy
     • Ashoka's linguistic toleration
     • Joseph's analysis of eloquence and its power
     • Apartheid's nation-language ideology
     • Total Swedish societal ideology
     • Creation of Modern Turkish
     • Vietnam's romanization of Chinese orthography

5. Critiques

   • LPP is seen as complicit with social repression
   • Could lead to creation of hierarchical diglossia
   • Could cause erosion and extinction of minority languages
   • Could lead to destruction of life-worlds
   • Depletion of alternatives worldviews
   • Increases economic inequalities for non-native speakers inmigrants

6. Archetypal methods

   • Identification of problem
   • Specification of goals
   • Cost-benefit analysis
   • Implementation
   • Evaluation

7. Problems

   • Prerequisite for language policy formulation, planning and treatment
   • Defined by needs
     • Normative
     • Felt
     • Expressed
     • Comparative

8. Praxis

   • In the absence of planning practice becomes policy

9. Sciences of language

   • Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday)
   • "Identity" orientation (Le Page & Tabouret-Keller)
   • Critical linguistics