Phonetics

Phonetics

1. The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds

   • Articulatory phonetics
     • How speech sounds are articulated
   • Acoustic phonetics
     • The physical properties of speech a sound waves in the air
   • Auditory phonetics
     • The reception, via the ear, of speech sounds
   • Forensic phonetics
     • The identication of the speaker and the analysis of recorded utterances

2. Sounds

   • Voiceless
     • When vocal folds does not produce a vibration effect
       • P, T, K, S
   • Voiced
     • When vocal folds creates a vibration effect
       • Z, J, D, L

3. Place of articulation

   • Location, inside de mouth, at which the constriction takes place.
     • Bilabial
       • Using both, upper teeth and lower lip
         • [P] [B] [M]
     • Labiodental
       • With the upper teeth and the lower lip
         • [F] [V]
     • Dental
       • With the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth
         • [ð] [θ]
     • Alveolar
       • With the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge
         • [T] [D] [S] [Z] [N]
     • Palatals
       • With the tonghe at the very front of the palate, near the alveolar ridge
         • [ʧ] [ʒ] [ʝ] [ʤ] [ʃ]
     • Velar
       • With the back of the tongue, against the velum
         • [K] [G] [ŋ]
     • Glottal
       • Without the active use of the tongue
         • [H]

4. Manner of articulation

   • Stops
     • Stopping of the airstream and letting it go abruptly
       • [B] [T] [P] [D] [K] [G]
   • Fricatives
     • Almost blocking the airstream
       • [θ] [F] [S] [Z] [ʒ] [ʃ]
   • Affricates
     • By combining brief stopping of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some friction
       • [ʧ] [ʤ]
   • Nasal
     • Tip of the tongue and the inner edge of the upper teeth
       • [ŋ] [M] [N]
   • Liquids
     • Strongly influenced by the following vowel sound
       • [R] [L]
   • Glides
     • Normally called semi- vowels
       • [W] [j]
   • Glottal stops
     • When the vocal cords are extremely close
       • Flaps
       • Vowels
         • /i e ɛ̝ ɛ/, /y ø œ̝ œ/, /u o ɔ̝ ɔ/, /ä/
       • Diphthongs
         • eɪ aɪ ɔɪ aʊ əʊ ɪə eə ʊə