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THINGS/PROJECCT/SPACESHIP

DATES NAMES ASSIGNMENTS

The Gemini program followed the Mercury program (April 1964 through November 1966)

One of the goals of the Gemini Program was to

develop the techniques necessary to send men to the moos

There were 12 missions

Gemini 1&2 were unmanned

Gemini 3-12 were piloted

MAIN OBJECTIVES

1. To rendezvous

and dock with a second orbiting vehicle

2. To learn how to

keep astronauts and equipment in space for up to two weeks

3. To develop and

test controlled reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere

4. To develop

precision landing in Atlantic Ocean or Pacific Ocean

The Spacecraft

The Gemini consisted of 2 modules:

The reentry

module

The

adaptor module

The Reentry Module:

Two astronaut seats

Pressurized cabin

Heat shield

Controls the pilot to maneuver in space

Rockets

Parachute for reentry

This module was 11 feet long and 7.5 in diameter

Adaptor Module:

Equipment

for orbital operations

20 rockets needed to maneuver the spacecraft and

send it out of orbit

The adaptor module was 7.5 feet and 10 feet in diameter

The Gemini space craft was controlled by the

pilot

Launched on a Titan ll lCBM rocket with a back up systems for

flight control and electrical systems

Malfunction detection system was added used to

abort launch

Mission control center in Houston developed

world wide tracking and communication network

This is necessary to stay in touch with

astronauts

They developed new methods to be used later in

moon missions

Gemini started with a low earth orbit

At this

point some of the following were done…

Spacecraft systems were evaluated

Rendezvous- maneuver to meet another

spacecraft

Docking- locking 2 spacecraft’s together

Combined Vehicle Maneuvers- 2 docked

spaceships act as one

Extravehicular activity (EVA) – spacewalk

Space experiments- earth and science

experiments and the effects of space flight on astronauts

All goals set for this program were achieved

One launched occurred every 2 months

Mission of 4, 7, and 14 days were accomplished

A special Atlas rocket called the Agena target vehicle was

launched into orbit to allow practice dockings during 4 missions the also

allowed major propulsion maneuvers to change orbits to be tested

Ocean landing were on average 3.9 miles from the

landing target

The last 5 missions the average dropped to 2.3

miles from the landing target

9 EVAs were performed

5 astronauts did these. Ed White was the first on 6/3/65. He remained

strapped to his seat but opened the hatch door to space. This was done 4 times.

The other 5 EVAs were accomplished by an

umbilical tether, which supplied oxygen to the astronaut.

6 hours and 1 minute were spent (in total) by

these astronauts outside of the spacecraft.

Fuel cells were developed for power use I space

Great photographs were taken by the astronauts

These photos helped geology, oceanography, and

weather study. We begin to realize the fragility of the earth.

NOTE CARDS:

NUMBER of astronauts transported by a Gemini

spacecraft

The four main objectives of the Gemini Program

The two modules of the Gemini spacecraft

Who controlled the Gemini spacecraft?

Rendezvous

Docking

EVA

Combined Vehicle maneuvers

Who did the first US spacewalk

Fuel cells

Objectives

To begin to learn about the Apollo space program

To learn about the Apollo spacecraft components

The

Apollo program goals:

To land a

man safely on the mood and return him safely to earth

To dominate the Soviet union in the space race

Time

Span:

· The

Apollo Program began in May

1961 and went through December 1972.

Apollo 1: Burned on the launch pad

killing astronauts inside: Gus

Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffe.

A spark fueled by pure oxygen on board created

an intense flash fire that made rescue impossible.

This fire caused safety for the crew to be

reevaluated.

Apollo 1 capsule after the deadly fire that

killed astronauts Grissom, White, and Chaffee

12 men went to the moon during the program

· There

were16 test missions from October

1960- April 1968

Apollo 4,5,6: unmanned test missions.

There were 12 manned missions:

Apollo 7 and 9 orbited the earth

Apollo 8 and 10 orbited the moon

Apollo 11,12 and 14, Lunar landings

Apollo 13: problems

Apollo 15,16,17:Lunar Exploration missions

The

Rocket:

Warner von Braun’s rocket team developed the

Saturn V rocket.

It ran on kerosene and liquid oxygen

It consisted of 3 stages to boost the CSM and LM

out of Earth’s orbit

It was 363 feet tall and weighed 6.3 million

pounds

The

Apollo spacecraft consisted of 2 Spacecraft’s:

The command and service module (CSM)

The Lunar Module (LM)

The

command and service module (CSM):

The command module contained:

The crew compartment

The reentry heat shield

2. The Service module contained:

a. Major

support systems (propulsion, life support, and electrical power

Systems)

Consumables (food and water)

The Lunar module:

1.The descent stage

Used for landing and delivery of the lunar

surface equipment

The Ascent stage:

Contained the crew compartment

Contained independent systems for ascent form

the moon’s surface and rendezvous with the CSM

The Apollo spacecraft CSM could transport 3

astronauts.

During launch and reentry, all 3 astronauts were

in the CM

Once in space, the CSM and the LM separated from

where the LM was stored.

They then docked to go to the moon.

In took 3 days to travel to the moon.

Two astronauts transferred to the LM and one

piloted the CSM around the Moon

American space stations:

1973 NASA

launch the 100 ton Skylab

module into orbit above the earth

Skylab’s

purpose: what’s to prove that astronauts could live and work in space for

extended periods of time

It also

became a providing ground for space repairs

It also

serves as a space lab for solar physics, earth observations, and crystal growth

in microgravity

The Station:

Skylab-8

feet long and two stories high

It was designed to fit inside a converted Saturn

V rocket with two stages

Skylab was divided into four sections:

*One

workshop for contained:

Sleep compartment

The waste management compartment

The wardroom

The experiment work area

The

second floor was devoted to other science experiments which needed more room or

that needed external views

Solar

arrays provided electrical power and were located on opposite ends of the

second floor workshop

Equipment:

Apollo Telescope Mount

This was

the first man solar observatory put in space it had eight telescopes to study

the sun surface it had its own power supply and controls

Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA)

2 ports to allow for the docking of an Apollo

CMS

One ports was for backup

These ports allowed for crew and equipment

transfers and for power and electrical signals to be transferred between 2

vehicles

Airlock module

Use for

that created to perform EVA’s or spacewalks

panels

for electrical power temperature

control, telecommunications, data handling and recording were found here

When the

CSM was.to Skylab all systems except

communications were turned off to save power

A smaller

IB rocket was used to launch an Apollo CSM to carry three astronauts to a

Skylab at a time

The

missions:

SKYLAB 1

Unmanned

wanted to stay station into orbit 5/14/73

Meteorite shield was ripped off and a solar array was damaged during

development

temperature inside the space station soared

Astronauts were supposed to go up the

following day but were delayed until May 25, 1973

SKYLAB 2

5/25/73- the crew makes a

make-shift cover to act as heat shield and also freed solar array

They proved that people could work in space

they stayed 28 days

SKYLAB 3

Launched

on 7/28/73

they conducted many science experiment studying

severe weather on earth, biochemical experiments, solar viewing, and photos of

earth

Performed

three EVA's to do repairs and tend to camera film canisters and experiment

outside the space station

they stayed for 59 days

SKYLAB 4

Monster 11/16/73

conducted experiments and three EVA’s

observe

the comet KOHOUTEK

spent 84 days in space

They had

slight height increases and reduction in muscle mass

Collected

much biomedical data

Skylab

remained in orbit for five years unoccupied

July 1979, NASA how did reentered the

atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and some of it reentered over Australia- most

of it burnt on reentry. No one was harmed by reentry.

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