geog case studies

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Geography

revision notes

India’s

lost girls (gender structure)

Loss of 10 million girls in past 20 year, each year half a

million girls are prevented from being born, 7000 fewer girls born each day

than expected

1991 945 females for every 1000 males, 10 years later female

number had decreased to 927. In Punjab in 798:1000 F:M ratio

This is all catching up with India now, as the imbalance is

fuelling human trafficking, sexual crime and social frustration

1994 the pre-natal diagnostic technique and preconception act

was passed but by May 2006, 22 out of 36 Indian states have had no trials

against the act, so does this mean

nobody’s aborting girls after they found out the sex, or are people

still doing it and keeping it on the down low, in the female to male ratio has

decreased sine 1991 over the following 10 years, this seems more likely.

Indian Government want girls, they say “empowerment of women

is the only answer” and have even set up orphanages. Pressures that lead to

female infanticide are: girls requiring expensive dowry’s (Punjab is very

poor), apparently they cost a lot but are perceived to “not bring much back in

return” and socially they require to wear saris which are expensive, but boys

can make do with loincloth.

Demographic

transition model

Stage 2- Burkina Faso 5.6 per WOMAN, life expectancy 55 years, 2.9% population growth, death rate 11/1000. reasons include high birth rate as many children die during infancy, working children needed. Death rate is lack of medical care and susceptibility to disease.

Stage 3- Brazil, birth rate 17.48/1000, death rate 6.38/1000,

population growth 1.102%, life expectancy 72.79 years, infant mortality

20.5/1000. Reasons for birth rate people need children less for labour to

increase income and instead want just one or two and give them a good life,

death rate reason new medicine and surgery is allowing people to live longer,

infant mortality rate reason rising income and better healthcare allowing

children to live longer.

Stage 4- United Kingdom birth rate 12.27/1000, death rate

9.33/1000, population growth 0.55%, life expectancy 80.17 years, infant

mortality 4.56/1000. Reasons for birth rate people are waiting until they’re

older to have children, death rate people begin to have self-destructing

tendencies such as excessive drinking, smoking and eating junk food, infant

mortality reason hospital standards have risen to a very high level so they can

combat many things that may otherwise kill infants.

Stage 5- Japan birth rate 7.53/1000, death rate 10.09/1000,

population growth -0.2%, life expectancy 83.91 years, infant mortality

2.21/1000. Reasons for birth rate ageing population so lots of infertile

people, also people wait longer to have children, death rate reasons good diet

and excellent hospitals, infant mortality rate reason only a small amount of

things medical advances can’t tackle for infants.

Migration

voluntary

Voluntary- mexico to USA, 2000 KM border between USA and

Mexico, more than 1 million Mexicans migrate to USA each year but illegal

migration is a big problem so border control is tight, 850,000 were caught in

1995 and deported

Push factors poor medical facilities, 1800 per doctor, low

paid jobs, 40% unemployed adult literacy rates 55%.

Pull factors 400 per doctor, adult literacy rates 99%, work

for low paid workers

Impacts on USA illegal migration costs USA millions, border

control and prisons, seen as a drain on USA economy as low paid workers keep

wages low but they could also benefit US economy by doing jobs other people

don’t want to do. Enriched language and culture but increased cases of TB since

migration increase

Impacts on Mexico, countryside has a shortage of economically

active people, lots of men migrate so

women struggle to find partners, young people tend to migrate leaving very

young and old, some villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its population

but immigrants (legal and illegal) send some $6 billion a year back to Mexico.

Forced migration

Rwanda to Tanzania 1994 civil war between Hutu and minority

Tutsi ethnic groups, estimated 1 million killed in a 3 month period. Mainly

Hutu refugees, half a million fled to Tanzania.

Refugee camps on the border, competition between refugees and local for

water and firewood led to conflict, search for firewood led to deforestation

and overgrazing of the land by cattle sheep and goats bought by refugees. Water

shortage from sudden demand and water pollution as there was no proper

sanitation in place.

Uganda to UK Idi Amin came into power in 1971 and in 1972 he

gave all the Asians an ultimatum to leave within 90 days. He ran a regime of

people who disagreed with him disappearing or dying in “accidents” more than

50,000 fled Uganda with 30,000 coming to the UK. Push factors form Uganda are

dictator regime, major financial instability, high death rate and threat of

people disappearing. Pull factors to UK stable government, better economics,

lower death rate and safety. Impacts on UK involved high unemployment rate,

tension between races, fear of temporary settlements becoming permanent like

stradishall camp and more people living on benefits and needing welfare.

Effects on Uganda loss of working population leading to future pressure of

economic failure. Businesses owned by

Asians closed.

Zimbabwe to Mozambique

White commercial farmers used to own most of Zimbabwe’s best

farming land, Government decided to take land reform and take over 3000 farms

to be subdivided and redistributed. Farmers forcibly evicted from their farms,

others killed, most fled to neighbouring Mozambique. Government cautions of the

farmers but offered them 1000 hectares of land on a 50 year lease, dispersed

around the country so they integrate better with Mozambique. Farmers often

started out living in a tent with no electricity or water supplies but they’d

rather that.

Ethiopia internal and external migration

Ethiopia mostly rural, rainfall very variable so crop and

livestock failure very possible through drought and flooding. Pastoral nomads

increased difficulty finding water and

grazing land for livestock. Famine of 1984-5 lead to deaths or displacement of

hundreds of thousands of people within

Ethiopia, around 300,000 fled to Sudan and 100,000 to Somalia. Drought of

1999-2000 caused migration to towns to beg for food where rainfall was more

reliable, caused conflict between Ethiopians in the same situation.

Internal migration

North-south drift originally the north had relied on

coalfields, shipyards, iron and steel works to provide 1000s of jobs but once

this work declined many were out of work. However the southeast was focused on

economic growth 1981-1996 net inflow was into the south due to higher wages and

less unemployment, areas such as surrey and Kent extended a lot. Many pull

factors in the south for example, more jobs, higher wages, more housing,

accessibility to EU through Eurostar, more investment in these areas. In 2004

259,000 left the north and 239,600 went to south east! East Anglia also scenic

Permanent migration/voluntary

Sub Saharan Africans to Europe, in Africa life expectancy is

47 years, population growth is 2.3%, HIV prevalence is 5.8% and internet usage

29/1000. In Europe average life expectancy is 80 years, 0.6% growth, 98.9%

literacy rate, 0.3% HIV prevalence and internet usage 249.4/1000. Impacts on

Africa are loss of skilled workers, 1 in 10 people crossing die, having to

build detention centres in places like Manila, Morocco. Europe saw 120,000

illegal immigrants from Spain deported in 2002, tighter security at certain

points but immigrants are just changing where they’re aiming for, millions are

spent on processing fees

Transmigration

Indonesia is the 4th most populous country in the world. 60% of total population occupies 7% country's national area, Java. Trying to redistribute population to even it out first policy developed by Dutch colonists to provide cheap labour for Sumatra plantations, by 1950's 200,000 had moved a further 1 million moved in the next 25 years mainly to Sumatra and Sulewesi. During 70's and 80's military stepped up to move another 2.5 million people, mostly to Irian Jaya. Been successful, supported by world back as they leant them money, but numbers moved have made little difference to Javas population density, natural increase and return of those previously moved contributed to 18% growth, government were out under pressure to stop the scheme by tribal international human rights group saying the farming schemes were inappropriate and and of little economic benefit and other projects such as mining and logging contribute to deforestation and damaging water supplies. Transmigration also caused conflict between transmigrants and indigenous people in resettlement areas leading to human rights abuses and hundreds of deaths. the Transmigration policy failed to meet targets, 3 million were actually moved but plans for 8 million to be moved were set, the highest number of movement is 1979-84 at 2 million. World bank withdrew funding in 1990, but the policy has been successful in opening up opportunities for development eg logging and mining, but environmental damage and conflicts with local people continue.