Research Methods - created from Mind Map

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Experimental Method

Control of Variables

Experimental Design

Experiment Types

Aim<br><br><ul><li>&quot;To investigate the effect of energy drinks on how talkative people are&quot;</li></ul>

Hypothesis: Directional, Non-Directional<br><br><ul><li>In a non-directional hypothesis, the difference between the conditions is not specified, only that there will be a difference, or that there won&#x27;t be.</li></ul>

Variables: IV, DV, CV<br><br><ul><li>Independent Variable: Is manipulated

Dependent Variable: Is measured

Control Variable: Is kept the same</li></ul>

Operationalisation<br><br><ul><li>Making something measurable, for example intelligence can be measured by an IQ test</li></ul>

Extraneous Variables<br><br><ul><li>Any other variables that interfere with the IV should be controlled. It is usually straightforward to control them. Known as nuisance variables. They do not vary systematically with the IV. They do not confound the findings of the study.</li></ul>

Confounding Variables<br><br><ul><li>Vary systematically with the IV. Such as personality and how talkative someone is. They affect the findings of the study.</li></ul>

Demand Characteristics<br><br><ul><li>Extraneous variable. PPs try to guess the researchers intentions or the aim of the study. They may try to behave in the way that is expected. Their behaviour is no longer natural</li></ul>

Investigator Effects<br><br><ul><li>Unwanted influence of the researcher on the research outcome.</li></ul>

Randomisation<br><br><ul><li>The use of chance to reduce the researcher&#x27;s influence on the research outcome.</li></ul>

Standardisation<br><br><ul><li>All pps should experience the same environment and information. This can include standardised instructions. Ensure that non-standardised changes do not act as extraneous variables.</li></ul>

Types of Extraneous Variables<br><br><ul><li>Participant Variables and Situational Variables</li></ul>

Independent Groups<br><br><ul><li>-Individual differences can affect the results, but random allocation can cancel this out

-Each pp only contributes a single result

+Order effects are not a problem

+Pps less likely to guess results</li></ul>

Repeated Measures<br><br><ul><li>-Order effects can affect the results, but counterbalancing can cancel this out

-Order can act as a confounding variable

-Demand characteristics

+Less pps are needed

+Pp variables are controlled</li></ul>

Matched Pairs<br><br><ul><li>-No two people are going to be exactly the same, so there may still be variables that affect the DV

-It is expensive and time consuming to match people

+Order effects and demand characteristics aren&#x27;t a problem</li></ul>

Laboratory Experiments

Quasi Experiments

Natural Experiments

Field Experiments