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V- Shaped valleys

A rivers discharge is low in the upper course and so the river only has enough energy to erode downwards.

The valley sides are broken down through weathering.

The weathered material is transported via gravity and rainfall towards the river channel. This steepens the valley sides.

The steep-sided and narrow valley shape that is created is typical of upland rivers.

As the river erodes the landscape in the upper course, it winds and bends to avoid areas of hard rock. This creates interlocking spurs.

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