Autonomic motor neurons may release _______ on their effectors.

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons both exit from the thoracic region.
true/false

This is the primary brain structure that helps to maintain autonomic tone, the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.

Which of the following is a sympathetic response?
A. Dilation of airways
B. Decrease in heart rate
C. Increase in digestion
D. All of the above

The sympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division.
true/flase

divergence provides...

parasympathetic states, mass activation is necessary, especially during digestion.
true/false

What does dual innervation mean?

Adipose tissue is one example of an effector of the autonomic nervous system
True/false

Dual innervation describes the situation when effectors are controlled by only one division of the autonomic nervous system.
true/false

In the autonomic nervous system, a single motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle.
true/false

In the sympathetic nervous system, the ganglia are near the spinal cord or major abdominal arteries.
true/false

Adrenergic neurons release acetylcholine into the synapse.
true/false

All preganglionic neurons are cholinergic.
true/false

Which of the following is not a difference between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system?

The number of motor neurons.

The involvement of the spinal cord.

The presence of ganglia.

The number and types of neurotransmitters.

Postganglionic neurons are...

are myelinated.

release acetylcholine via exocytosis.

are NOT myelinated.

all of these.

Nicotinic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane may

depolarize a cell.

hyperpolarize a cell.

inhibit a cell when activated.

all of these.

Muscarinic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane may

depolarize a cell.

hyperpolarize a cell.

inhibit a cell when activated.

all of these.

Hormones are secreted products of endocrine cells
true/false

The target cells for hormones produce a receptor to which the hormone can bind.
true/false

The target cells for hormones produce a receptor to which the hormone can bind.
true/false

Humoral regulation involves the components of the blood affecting an endocrine gland.
true/false

Hormones that target neural cells are called tropic hormones.
true/false

The sensitivity of a target cell to one type of hormone depends on the number of receptors available in that cell type.
true/false

During upregulation of a hormone response

the number of receptors decreases.

the number of receptors increases.

the amount of hormone increases.

None of these.

During downregulation of a hormone response

the number of receptors decreases.

the number of receptors increases.

the amount of hormone decreases.

None of these.

A example of a positive feedback loop would be

the release of a hormone in response to a single stimulus.

the release of glucagon in response to low blood sugar.

the release of oxytocin in response to stretching of the uterus.

All of these

A example of a negative feedback loop would be

the release of a hormone in response to a single stimulus.

the release of glucagon in response to low blood sugar.

the release of oxytocin in response to stretching of the uterus.

All of these

This type of gland releases its products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities.

When one hormone opposes the action of another, this is called a synergistic effect.

The hypophyseal portal veins are important because they carry hormones from the

Antidiuretic hormone has effects on

The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine contain iodine.