Flashcards
The Immune System
Flashcards do conjunto (26)
- 1What is an immune response?An immune response is the body's reaction to a foreign antigen (molecules found on the surfaces of cells).
This involves specific (antigen-specific) and non-specific responses - 2What are the 4 stages of an immune response?1. Phagocytosis
2. T lymphocyte activation
3. B lymphocyte activation and plasma cell production
4. Antibody production - 3Outline the process of phagocytosis1. A phagocyte recognises antigens on a pathogen
2. The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen. This is made easier by opsonins
3. The pathogen is now contained in a phagosome. A lysosome fuses with the phagosome. The enzymes break down the pathogen
4. The phagocyte presents the pathogen's antigens to activate other immune system cells' it acts as an antigen-presenting cell - 4What is a phagocyte?Type of white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis
- 5What are opsonins?Molecules in the blood that attaches to foreign antigens to aid phagocytosis)
- 6What is a phagosome?A type of vesicle
- 7What do lysosomes contain?Digestive enzymes
- 8What is a T lymphocyte?A type of white blood cell covered with receptors
- 9What do the receptors of T lymphocytes bind to?The receptors on T lymphocytes bind to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APC)
- 10Complete the sentences: Each T lymphocyte has a different ____________ on its surface. When the receptor on the surface of a T lymphocyte meets a _______________ antigen, it binds to it - so each T lymphocyte will bind to a different ________. This process _________ the T lymphocyte and is known as _________ ___________. The activated T lymphocyte then undergoes _________ __________ - it divides to produce clones of itself.Each T lymphocyte has a different RECEPTOR on its surface. When the receptor on the surface of a T lymphocyte meets a COMPLIMENTARY antigen, it binds to it - so each T lymphocyte will bind to a different ANTIGEN. This process ACTIVATES the T lymphocyte and is known as CLONAL SELECTION. The activated T lymphocyte then undergoes CLONAL EXPANSION - it divides to produce clones of itself.
- 11Name the 3 types of T lymphocytesT helper cells
T killer cells
T regulatory cells - 12What is the role of T helper cells?Release substances to activate B lymphocytes and T killer cells
- 13What is the role of T killer cells?Attach to and kill cells that are infected with a virus
- 14What is the role of T regulatory cells?Suppress the immune response from other white blood cells. This helps to stop immune system cells from mistakenly attacking the host's body cells
- 15TRUE OR FALSE: Some activated T lymphocytes become memory cellsTRUE
- 16What are B lymphocytes covered with?B lymphocytes are covered with antibodies.
Each B lymphocyte has a different shaped antibody on its membrane, so different ones bind to different shaped antigens - 17What are antibodies?Proteins that bind to antigens to form an antigen-antibody complex
- 18Outline clonal selection and clonal expansion of B lymphocytesCLONAL SELECTION:
When the antibody on the surface of a B lymphocyte meets a complementary antigen, it bind to it - so each B lymphocyte will bind to a different antigen. This, together with substances released from helper T cells, activates the B lymphocyte.
CLONAL EXPANSION:
The activated B lymphocyte then divides, by mitosis, into plasma cells and memory cells - 19What are plasma cells?Clones of the B lymphocyte. They secrete a lot of the antibody specific to the antigen into the blood
- 20Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells. What do these antibodies go on to do?These antibodies will bind to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen to form lots of antigen-antibody complexes. This is the signal for the immune system to attack and destroy the pathogen
- 21What is cell signalling?How cells communicate
- 22Complete the sentence: A cell may release (or _________) a substance that binds to the ___________ on another cell - this causes a ___________ of some kind in the other cellA cell may release (or PRESENT) a substance that binds to the RECEPTORS on another cell - this causes a RESPONSE of some kind in the other cell
- 23How is cell signalling used in the immune response?Cell signalling helps to activate all the different types of white blood cells that are needed. For example, T helper cells release cytokines (interleukins) to activate B lymphocytes
- 24Stains are often added to blood smear samples. Why?Stains are added to blood smear samples to make the different cells easy to see
- 25What are you likely to see when looking at a blood smear?Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets - 26TRUE OR FALSE All types of white blood cell have granules in their cytoplasmFALSE
Only some types of white blood cell have granules in their cytoplasm, others do not
Informações
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- O usuário eliminou as informações de disciplina FlashCards sobre The Immune System, criado por Usuário eliminado em 05-03-2018.
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- Usuário eliminado · mar 2018
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- 5 mar 2018
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- Criado por Yinka F · 5 fev 2018
- Copiado por Yinka F · 5 mar 2018
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