❌ are the second largest group, of whose members do a lot of serious damage. Rather than obtaining their food from dead animals or plants, they prefer a living host, often attacking and killing, it then living on as a ❌.

If an ❌ cannot obtain a host it will fail to reproduce. This is opposed to a ❌, which can act as a parasite but does not rely on its host to continue its life-cycle.

- A ❌ is a pathogenic fungus that grows on skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails, feathers, and other body surfaces, causing ringworm and related diseases.
- A ❌ is a a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.
- ❌ are the second largest group, of whose members do a lot of serious damage. Rather than obtaining their food from dead animals or plants, they prefer a living host, often attacking and killing, it then living on as a saprophytic fungi.
- A ❌ is an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle.

1. ❌ - mycelial growth made of branching tubular filaments called hyphae
2. ❌ - unicellular
3. ❌- like Fungi (yeast or short filament)
4. ❌ - yeast or mycelial depending on environment

- ❌ fungi are those fungi that exist either in yeast form or as mold (mycelial form) depending on environmental conditions, physiological conditions of the fungus or the genetic characteristics.
- ❌ fungi grow partly as yeast and partly as elongated cells resembling hyphae. The latter form a pseudomycelium.
- ❌ are fungi that grow as single cells, producing daughter cells either by budding (the budding yeasts) or by binary fission (the fission yeasts). They differ from most fungi, which grow as thread-like hyphae.
- A ❌ is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae.

Fungal reproduction:
❌ - budding
❌ - asexual/sexual

- ❌ is a simple reproduction method which involves mitosis followed by the splitting of a parent individual.
- ❌ is a is a when the parent individually produces a smaller individual known as a ‘bud’ by mitotic cell division. This individual is attached to its parent individual and eventually becomes detached from its parent individual.

Asexual spores of fungi:
• ❌ – Spores inside sac called sporangium
• ❌ – Spores within thickened cell wall of hyphae
• ❌ (Conidia) – naked spores in chains at hyphal tip
• ❌ – fragmentation of hyphae
• ❌ – Form as buds

Stages of sexual spore formation
• Mating types designated as “+” and “-”

1. Cells of + thallus and – thallus fuse ❌
2. After several hours / years/ centuries nuclei fuse ❌
3. ❌ of nucleus restores haploid state
4. ❌ nucleus partitioned into + and - spores

Differences of DNA and RNA:
RNA -
- RNA has a ❌ sugar
- RNA nucleotides have a ❌ base

DNA-
- DNA has a ❌ sugar
- DNA nucleotides have a ❌ base

A - ❌
B - ❌
C - ❌
D - ❌
E - ❌

Class 1 - ❌
Class 2 - ❌
Class 3 - ❌
Class 4 - ❌
Class 5 - ❌
Class 6 - ❌
Class 7 - ❌

Viral replication process:

1. ❌ – To host cell via specific receptor on cell membrane
2. ❌ – Entry into host cell (internalization)
– “Uncoats” – shedding protein shell
3. ❌ – This varies between viral types
– production of viral mRNA
– Production of early viral proteins
4. ❌ of late viral proteins (structural)
5. ❌ of the progeny virions
6. ❌ of virions from cell (budding or lysis)

The general term for worms are called ❌
Flatworms are called ❌
Roundworms are called ❌