ADHD overview of symptoms:
Autism overview of presentation:
What is true about the overlap of ADHD and ASD?
30-80% of children with ASD also meet criteria for ADHD
up to 25% of children with ADHD meet criteria for ASD
ASD diagnosis "trumps" ADHD diagnosis
Core features may "masquarade" as each other
Genetics account for 70-80% of the risk for ADHD.
What genes have been linked to ADHD?
Dopamin transporter gene (DAT)
Dopamine D4 (DRD4)
Dopamine D5 (DRD5)
Dopamine D2 (DRD2)
What are possible prenatal etiologies for ADHD?
maternal smoking/ETOH use
premature birth
total increased pregnancy complications
Which of the following are possible post-natal etiologies of ADHD?
Malnutrition
Head trauma
Brain hypoxia
Tumors
Infection
lead poisoning in preschool years
In MRI studieis, children and adolescents with ADHD exhibited in cortical maturation, prominent in the regions. Approzimately a year delay.
Children and adults with ADHD have been found to have larger brain volume.
What has been found with neuroimaging in ADHD?
Lower overall brain volume
Lower grey matter density
White matter abnormalities
Reduced cortical thickness
The (reward) network is responsible for , deficits, -impulsivity, and proneness to .
ASD is more prevalent in males at 4:1
Which of the following are possible etiologies of ASD?
parental age
birth complications
prenatal exposures to certain medications, infections
immunizations
What structural changes have been found in an ASD brain?
early overgrowth and amygdala enlargement
early overgrowth and hippocampus enlargement
early overgrowth of the PFC
What functional changes occur in the ASD brain?
"social brain" and network connectivity
neurotransmitter inhibition
word finding difficulties
Regarding early brain overgrowth in Autism
a retrospective screening strategy measures an infants head before the age of 3
a prospective screening strategy scans high risk infants and follows up with those that develop autism
there is an abnormal cessation of growth later in childhood
What are possible reasons for increased brain volume?
Increased cortical thickness
Increased cortical surface area
Lots of thinking happening
What are cortical minicolumns?
The smallest functional unit of the cortex
the things that hold your brain in place
the basis for lateral induction
The structural changes in ASD are
Higher total brain volume starting between 6 and 12 months old
Early overgrowth which appears to be stemming from increased cortical surface area
Increased surface area, due to an increased number of radial units and/or wider spacing of cortical minicolumns
What structural change are the social deficits in ASD attributed to?
Enlarged amygdala in early childhood
increased brain volume
increased cortical thickness
The reduced neuron and oligodendrocyte count in adults may reflect normalization of size or slower growth trajectory later in life
Inhibition of amygdala via the vmPFC is diminished in ASD when viewing faces
What is true about both ADHD and ASD?
Highly heritable
Fairly prevalent
Early intervention makes no difference in outcome of treatmetn
Early intervention in ASD is critical and has led to improved early screening, increasing apparent prevalence
In ADHD, there are 5 networks that affect
attention
executive function
hyperactivity
language
social skills
In ASD, surface area changes can be detected in the first year of life, but a diagnosis cannot be made until age 3
In ASD, there is an abnormal brain response to joint attention
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