Flashcards
Environmental Science - Midterm 2 - Species Interaction and Community Ecology
Flashcards do conjunto (49)
- 1Competitionrelationship where multiple organisms seek the same limited resources
Intra specific competition
&
Inter specific competition - 2Intra specific competition:among members of same species
high population density = increased competition - 3Inter specific competition:among members of 2 or more species
can lead to either competitive exclusion or to species coexistence - 4Fundamental Nichewhat you theoretically could access
- 5Realized Nichewhat you actually access considering other factors such as competition
- 6resource partitioningspecies divide shared resources by specializing in different ways
ex. one species is active at night, another in the daytime
ex. one species eats small seeds, another eats large seeds - 7character displacementcompeting species evolve physical characteristics that reflect their reliance on the portion of the resource they use
ex. birds that eat larger seeds evolve larger bills
the competition is reduced when two species become more different - 8Predationprocess by which individuals of one species (predators) capture, kill, and consume other individuals (prey)
- 9Parasitisma relationship in which one organism (parasite) depends on another (host) for nourishment or another benefit
- 10Herbivoryexploitation in which animals feed on the tissues of plants
- 11Coevolutionhosts and parasites become locked in a duel of escalating adaptations
each evolves new responses to the other
it may not be beneficial to the parasite to kill its host - 12Symbiosismutualism in which the organisms live in close physical contact
microbes within digestive tracts - 13amensalisma relationship in which one organism is harmed while the other is unaffected
- 14commensalisma relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other is unaffected
- 15How do Algal Blooms Grow?the phytoplankton (algae and cyanobacteria) are eaten by zooplankton, then the zooplankton is eaten by the fish
zebra muscle introduced : it eats the algae and zooplankton, the fish starves
because the zebra muscle eats by filtering water, it increases sunlight proliferation so the sunlight now enters deeper in the water
the cyanobacteria has no predators, this removes competition and predation
these two facts allow it to thrive and take over the lake, which = algal blooms - 16What does an Algal Bloom Cause?once the algal bloom multiplies so much that the competition caused the water column to be over exploited the population begins to die
once the algal bloom dies, all of the organisms die and sink to the bottom as organic matter (carbon) as food for heterotrophs
the heterotrophic aerobic microbial community will consume all of the organic matter as well as the oxygen
oxygen consumption > oxygen production will cause the oxygen in the lake to decrease until the water becomes anoxic - 17How does the Ecosystem become Anoxic?the algal bloom of cyanobacteria is a huge biomass
when it dies, it becomes a store of organic matter
it is being oxidized (burned) into CO2 because microbes are harvesting energy, this costs oxygen, and it becomes the limiting reagent - 18Consequences of Anoxic Ecosystems1) fish die, amongst other aerobic organisms
2) anaerobic organisms will take over, they literally stink
this creates H2S, which is toxic
3) loss of recreational use, loss of drinking use, gives rashes - 19Autotrophs"self feeders"
organisms that capture solar energy for photosynthesis to produce sugars
eg. green plants, cyanobacteria, algae - 20Chemosynthetic Bacteriause the geothermal energy in hot springs or deep sea vent to produce food
- 21Primary Consumersorganisms that consume producers
herbivores consume plants
eg. Deer, grasshoppers - 22Secondary Consumersorganisms that prey on primary consumers
carnivores consume animals
eg. wolves, rodents - 23Tertiary Consumerspredators at the highest trophic level
consume secondary consumers, are also carnivores
hawks, owls - 24Omnivoresconsumers that eat both plants and animals
- 25Detritivoresscavenge waste products or dead bodies
eg. millipedes - 26Decomposersbreak down leaf litter and other non-living material
eg. fungi, bacteria - 27energy & biomass at different trophic levelsdecrease at higher trophic levels
less and less energy is available in each successive trophic level
each Level contains only 10% of the energy of the trophic level below it - 28Keystone Speciesa species that has a strong impact on the community
eg. consequences of eliminating wolves in north America = increase in population of herbivores = consequences on vegetation = topdown effect - 29Trophic Cascadethe addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain, which often results in dramatic changes in ecosystem
eg. adding wolves again because herbivores were running wild and killing off too many primary producers - 30Ecosystem Engineersphysically modify the environment
eg. beavers, fungus - 31how communities respond to disturbances?communities can experience many types of disturbances :
removal of a keystone species, spread of invasive species, human impacts
Resistance: community of organisms resists change, and remans stable
Resilience: a community changes in response to a disturbance, but later changes back to original state - 32What happens if there are Severe Disturbances?Succession : the predictable series of changes in a community following a disturbance
Primary Succession: disturbance eliminates all vegetation/soil life
Secondary Succession: a disturbance dramatically alters, but does not destroy all local organisms - 33Pioneer Speciesthe first species to arrive in a primary succession area (ex. lichens)
contributes to soil formation
lichens change the rock physically by anchoring to the rock and creating fissures, & by releasing chemicals that change rock - 34Climax Communitythe community resulting from a successful secondary succession
the remaining organisms form building blocks for the next population of species - 35Invasive Speciesnon-native organisms that spread widely and become dominant in a community
have major ecological effects - 36Ways to Control Invasive Species- Remove them manually
- Toxic chemicals
- Drying them out
- depriving of oxygen
- Stressing them - 37Ecological Restorationreturning an area to unchanged conditions
it is difficult, time-consuming, expensive
best to protect natural systems from degradation in the first place - 38BiomeMajor, widely separated regions of similar communities recognized by plant type, and vegetation structure
- 39Ecoregiona particular representative of a biome; an example of it
- 40Climatographsshows an areas mean monthly temperature and precipitation
similar biomes occupy similar latitudes - 41Tundralittle precipitation
extremely cold weathers
permafrost: permanently frozen soils
few animals: polar bears, caribou
low vegetation and few trees
canada, russia, Scandinavia - 42Boreal Forest (taiga) (northern coniferous forest)cool and dry climate
(long winters, short cool summers)
poor and acidic soils
few evergreen tree species
moose, wolves, bears, migratory birds
canada, alaska, russia, Scandinavia - 43Temperate Deciduous Forestdeciduous trees lose their leaves each fall and remain dormant during winter
mid latitude forests in Europe, eastern china, eastern North America
fertile soils, oak, birch, maple trees - 44Temperate GrasslandsMore extreme temperature difference between winter and summer
less precipitation
most used for agriculture, prairie dogs, antelope - 45Temperate RainforestCoastal Pacific region
lots of precipitation
coniferous trees, cedar, spruce, hemlock
moisture-loving animals
fertile soil
provides lumbar and paper - 46Tropical Rainforestsyear-round rain and warm temp.
dark and damp
lush vegetation
\variety of animal and tree species, in low numbers
Central America, South America etc - 47Tropical Dry Forestwet and dry seasons
warm, but less rainfall
converted to agriculture
india, africa, South America, Australia - 48Savannahgrassland with some trees
precipitation only during rainy season
water holes
zebras, gazelles, giraffes, lions, hyenas
africa, South America, Australia, india - 49Desertvery low precipitation
Sahara: bare sand dunes
Sonoran: heavily vegetated
nocturnal animals
plants have thick skins or spines
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- O usuário eliminou as informações de disciplina FlashCards sobre Environmental Science - Midterm 2 - Species Interaction and Community Ecology , criado por Usuário eliminado em 01-04-2018.
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- Criado por abby Radske · 17 mar 2018
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