The waterproofing protein in the skin is called
Dermicidin
Keratin
Melanin
Lysozyme
The types of gram-positive cocci that make up the skin’s normal microbiota are
Staphylococci and micrococci
Staphylococci and streptococci
Micrococci and streptococci
Streptococci and enterococci
Which of these organisms is a diphtheroid that inhabits hair follicles?
Propionibacterium acnes
Malassezia furfur
Streptococcus pyogenes
Staphylococcus aureus
What protective substance(s) of the skin is/are capable of breaking down the cell walls of certain bacteria?
Perspiration
Antimicrobial peptides
Sebum
Which of the following is thought to be responsible for causing dandruff?
Staphylococcus epidermidis
What is the MOST common bacterial cause of conjunctivitis?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Haemophilus influenza
Which disease is thought to be the MOST common cause of infectious blindness in the United States?
Herpetic keratitis
Trachoma
Acanthamoeba keratitis
Inclusion conjunctivitis
Ophthalmia neonatorum is caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acanthamoeba
Using a homemade saline solution for contact lenses can result in
Opthalmia neonatorum
Which disease was probably the FIRST documented connection between a microscopic microorganism and a disease in humans?
Scabies
Pediculosis
Candidiasis
Sporotrichosis
In the brain, cerebrospinal fluid flows through the
Dura mater
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
What is the order of the layer of meninges from the innermost to the outermost?
Arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater
Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Inflammation of the brain is called
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Neuritis
Hydrocephalus
Drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier ONLY if they are
Large-molecular-weight molecules
Small-molecular-weight molecules
Water-soluble
Lipid-soluble
In the United States, the MOST common cause of rabies in humans is from
Raccoons
silver-haired bats
Dogs
Honey badgers
Which type of arboviral encephalitis was introduced to the United States in 19999 and is maintained in a bird-mosquito-bird cycle?
Eastern equine encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis
West Nile virus
California encephalitis
Which disease is transmitted via ingestion of contaminated water and can cause paralysis?
Rabies
West Nile encephalitis
Polio
To sterilize instruments contaminated with prions, you should use
Dry heat
Routine autoclaving
UV light
A strong solution of sodium hydroxide
A prion is a(n)
Abnormally folded protein
Protein subunit
Form of a bacterium
Viral particle
Which bacterium is known to cause stillbirth and neurological disease in animals?
Listeria monocytogenes
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Clostridium botulinum
The causative agent of plague is
Francisella tularensis
Yersinia pestis
Borrelia burgdorferi
Rickettsia prowazekii
Which stage of the Plasmodium protozoan infects the red blood cells of humans?
Schizont
Merozoite
Sporozoite
Gametocyte
The MOST dangerous form of malaria is caused by
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Clostridium perfringens is the cause of
Gas gangrene
Puerperal sepsis
Brucellosis
Rat-bite fever
A bull’s eye rash is a common symptom of which disease?
Epidemic typhus
Lyme disease
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Tularemia
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune complication caused by a ________ infection.
Brucella melitensis
Typhus fever, caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, is transmitted by
Ticks
Human body lice
Fleas
Mites
Which of the following is NOT transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes?
Malaria
Yellow fever virus
Dengue fever virus
Chikungunya virus
What is the usual route of transmission for mononucleosis?
Contaminated blood
Mosquitoes
Aerosols
Transfer of saliva
The natural host reservoir for Ebola virus is the
Fruit bat
Mosquito
Fat
Green Monkey
Which antibodies in tears, saliva, and mucus help protect mucosal surfaces from many pathogens?
IgD
IgA
IgG
IgM
The most threatening infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract is
Epiglottitis
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Which disease forms a tough grayish membrane in the throat?
Scarlet fever
Psittacosis
Q fever
Diphtheria
What is the etiological agent for the disease that has catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescence stages?
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Bordetella pertussis
Walking pneumonia is caused by
Legionella pneumophilia
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Which of the following is/are NOT considered part of the lower respiratory system?
Trachea
Larynx
Pharynx
Bronchial tubes
Which intracellular bacterium is the cause of Q fever?
Rickettsia rickettsia
Legionella pneumophila
Coxiella burnetii
Which disease can be identified by the presence of elementary bodies inside host cells?
Pontiac fever
Melioidosis
Legionellosis
Typical pneumonia is caused by which bacterium?
Several serious fungal infections affect the lower respiratory system mainly because fungi
Are dimorphic
Are opportunistic
Produce airborne spores
Produce toxic proteins
Which of the following is an accessory structure of the digestive tract?
Stomach
Liver
Mouth
Approximately what percentage of the immune system is located in the intestinal tract?
20%
40%
60%
80%
The population of microorganisms in the large intestine is composed mostly of
Aerobes and anaerobes
Anaerobes and facultative anaerobes
Aerobes and facultative anaerobes
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Paneth cells, which are capable of phagocytizing bacteria, are found in the
Small intestine
Large intestine
Pancreas
Severe diarrhea accompanied by blood or mucus is called
Food poisoning
Intoxication
Gastroenteritis
Dysentery
Bacillary dysentery is caused by
Staphylococcus
Shigella
Salmonella
Clostridium
Pinworm disease is caused by
Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus
Necator americanus
Enterobius vermicularis
The portal of entry for the larvae of hookworms is the
Skin
Blood
Lymph
It is quite common to ingest aflatoxin when one eats
Fruit
Meat
Peauts
Cheese
The treatment for viral gastroenteritis, such as norovirus or rotavirus, is usually
Antitoxins
Oral rehydration
Antibiotics
Antiviral agents
Which form of hepatitis kills more people in the US than AIDS_
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis E
In 20-40% of men past puberty, the mumps virus can cause
Orchitis
Liver damage
Fever
Death