Period 6 Mindmap

Chapter 11: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments, c. 1900 to Present

1. World War I

   • Shifting Alliances
     • Triple Alliances negotiated by Otto von Bismarck
       • Germany
       • Austria-Hungary
       • Italy
     • Triple Entente
       • France
       • Russia
       • Britain
   • Assassination
     • Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in 1914
     • "dominoes" alliances
       • Central Powers
         • Germany
         • Ottoman Empire
         • Austria-Hungary
       • Allied Powers
         • Britain
         • France
         • Russia
         • 40+ countries
   • Isolationism
     • US maintained neutrality
       • Germans sunk the Lusitania
       • Zimmermann telegram
   • Consequences
     • deaths
       • 8.5 million soldiers
       • 20 million civilians
     • social
       • governments took over
       • instituting price controls
       • rationing of products
       • men moved into factories to fill empty positions
     • League of Nations
       • President Wilson's Fourteen Points
         • establishing future peace
         • workable balance of power
     • did not agree, therefore US did not sign
     • Treaty of Versaille
       • forced Germany to
         • pay war reparations
         • release territory
         • downsize its military

2. Russian Revolution

   • 1905, protesters encouraged Nicholas II to enact Enlightened reforms, but he felt threatened and fired on the protesters
   • attempt to enact legislation through
     • appointment of a Prime Minister
     • creating the Duma, representative of the Russian people
   • Russian Revolution
     • Czar Nicholas forced to abdicate his throne due to rising casualties and food shortages in WWI
     • Alexander Kerensky
       • established an ineffective provisional government
         • misinterpreted working class opinions of the war
     • 1918, Bolsheviks
       • Vladimir Lenin
         • April Theses
           • demanded peace
           • land for peasants
           • power to the soviets
       • took command of the government within six months
     • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
       • ceded a huge piece of western Russia to Germany, so Russia dropped out of WWI
     • Soviet Union
       • faced nonstop skirmishes between 1918 and 1921
         • Bolsheviks created the Red Army
           • under command of Leon Trotsky

3. Ottoman Empire

   • joined losing Central Powers of World War I
     • lost remaining land
     • ripe for attack from the Greeks, who picked up arms in 1919
   • Mustafa Kemal, also known as Ataturk
     • led successful military campaigns against the Greeks
     • overthrew the Ottoman sultan
       • became the first president of modern Turkey
     • secularized the overwhelmingly Muslim nation
     • changed alphabet from Arabic to Latin
     • set up a parliamentary system
     • changed the legal code from islamic to Western
     • set Turkey on a path toward Europe as opposed to the Middle East

4. World War II

   • Causations
     • The Soviet Union
       • New Economic Policy (NEP)
         • some capitalistic aspects
           • allowed farmers to sell portions of their grain for their own profit
       • leadership shifted to Joseph Stalin
         • discarded as Stalin believed it was ridiculously slow
         • Five Year Plans
           • collectivization
             • expedient agricultural production by ruthlessly taking over private farms and combining them into state-owned enterprises
         • industrialized the USSSR
           • improved economic conditions
           • relied on terror tactics
             • "Great Purge"
               • government systematically killed so many of its enemies
     • Germany
       • suffered under Treaty of Versailles
         • American I.O.U.s
       • fascism
       • Weimar Republic
         • fairly conservative democratic republic, rejected socialist or communist systems
         • Reichstag
           • increasingly rejected by the German people
       • National Socialist Party (Nazis) rose to power in the 1920s
         • Adolf Hitler
           • social Darwinism
             • Aryan race was most highly evolved race
           • became chancellor in 1933
             • seized control of the government, known under his fascist rule as the Third Reich
               • began rebuilding German military in 1933
                 • took back the Rhineland in 1935
                   • formed alliance with Japan in 1937
                     • annexed Austria and moved to reclaim the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in 1938
                       • Munich Conference of 1938
                         • gave the Sudetenland to Hitler in return for the promise to cease his expansionist activities
                           • appeasement
                       • invaded remaining territories in Czechoslovakia in 1939
                         • Britain and France signed a non-aggression pact with Greece, Turkey, Romania, and Poland
                         • Germans signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact
                           • agreement that Germany would not invade the Soviet Union if the Soviets stayed out of Germany's military affairs
                           • determined how Eastern Europe would be divided among them
                           • German forces marched into Poland
                             • declaration of war by Allied forces, beginning of WWII
     • The Great Depression
       • The United States
         • 33% unemployment
         • Franklin Roosevelt
     • Italy
       • Benito Mussolini
         • National Fascist Party in 1919
           • paid Blackshirts to fight socialist and communist organizations
         • demanded King Victor Emmanuel III name him to cabinet posts
         • faced little opposition to his consolidation of political power
           • transformed Italy into a totalitarian fascist regime in 1926
     • General Francisco Franco
       • installed dictatorship in Spain, stayed neutral
     • Japan
       • invaded Manchuria, renaming it Manchukuo and establishing a colony
       • signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany
       • Invasion of China
         • "Rape of Nanjing"
   • War
     • blitzkrieg
       • used by Germans, destroyed everything in its path with historically unprecedented speed
     • Winston Churchill
       • refused to cut a deal with Germany
         • Battle of Britain
     • Japan
       • Tripartite Pact
       • bombed Pearl Harbor
     • U.S.
       • U.S. joined war
         • Manhattan Project
           • President Truman ordered dropping of atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagaski
             • Japan surrendered
               • end of WWII
         • D-Day
           • joint Allied offensive
           • eventually resulted in liberation of France
     • Russia
       • defended Stalingrad
         • Hitler committed suicide
   • Consequences
     • Holocaust
     • Peace Settlement
     • Europe
       • Marshall Plan
         • billions of dollars of American money was made available for reconstruction offered to all European countries
     • Women
       • increased employment and education
     • International Organizations
       • United Nations
         • mediate and intervene in international disputes between nations, but expanded to human rights and other social problems
     • Cold War
       • United States and Soviet Union

5. Cold War