What is the scientific study of behavior and mind?
psychology
philosophy
religion
phonology
Psychology was formed through a synthesis of ideas from philosophy and sociology.
The debated that states either we are born with certain knowledge or we have to learn everything is the _______.
mind-body problem
nature-nurture question
functionalism vs structuralism
An early technique used by William Wundt to study the mind. It required people to look inward and describe their own experiences.
Structuralism
Functionalism
Systematic (analytical) Introspection
Structuralism states that everything in consciousness can be broken down into _________ and _________.
thoughts and desires
desires and feelings
sensations and thoughts
sensations and feelings
Idea that seeks to understand the processes rather than the content of thought. It attempts to understand a mental process by determining what problem in the environment it helps solve. (Ex: Hunger, fear, jealousy)
Psychoanalysis
Behaviorism
Theory or idea that emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.
Sigmund Freud believed.....
that the conscious and unconscious mind must be analyzed before effective treatments can begin, that dreams offer insight into the unconscious world, and that many behaviors are a result of unconscious motivations
that the mind should not be studied, that you can only observe behaviors, and that the mind and body are not connected
that the mind and body are the same, that we are born with certain knowledge, and that experience affects brain development
Childhood experiences play a larger role later in life. Experience affects brain development.
Functionalism states that the mind should not be studied. The only thing that can be studied is observable behaviors.
When you stop responding to an event that has become familiar. (Ex: The tornado sirens that go off every Wednesday at 12pm)
Habituation
Sensitization
First Person Shooter Syndrome
When you respond more often to an intense event that has been repeated. (Ex: when you don't feel a cut until you see it then it starts to hurt)
sensitization
habituation
first person shooter syndrome
A procedure in which paring in a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response.
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
one-trial conditioning
The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. (ex: Little Albert reversal)
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
One-trial Conditioning
Taste Aversion
Pavlov's Dog Experiment: 1. Before Conditioning- the food is the unconditioned stimulus and the dog's salivation is the unconditioned response. 2. Before conditioning- tuning fork is the neutral stimulus which causes the no conditioned response from the dog. 3. During Conditioning- the tuning for and the food is presented and causes the unconditioned response. 4. After Conditioning- the turning fork is now the conditioned stimulus and is presented to cause the conditioned response (salivation).
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery
One- Trial Conditioning
When one pairing of a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus produces considerable learning.
A Conditioned dislike for a particular food or drink that develops when you get ill from consuming it.
Conditioned Aversion
Changing the probability that a response will occur by manipulating that consequences of the response.
Instrumental Conditioning
Eliminating Phobias
Systematic Desensitization
Shaping
Selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a target behavior.
Targeting
Reinforcement Learning
Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others
Observational Learning
Instructional Learning
Characteristic Learning
The example of 4 year olds, Bobo Dolls, and aggression is an example of
Reactivity
Reasonableness: does the information “make sense” given the facts-- and -- Authority: accepting information from a credible source-- are both
ways of gathering data
ways of knowing if information is believable
ways to determine accuracy of a book
Way of gathering data where the researcher unobtrusively observes subjects in their natural environment.
participant observation
observational learning
naturalistic observation
Way of gathering data where the researcher observes behavior while participating in the situation
Reactive Observation
Participant Observation
Refers to how much an individual's behavior is changed as a result of being observed.
reactivity
selectivity
Explores if the experiences of the research study are truly representative of others
External Validity
Reasonableness
Authority
When two variables move in opposite directions (one goes up and one goes down) it is said to have a positive correlation
When no systematic relationship exists between two variables
Zero Correlation
Negative Correlation
Positive Correlation
Comparing two preexisting groups
differential research
experimental research
Comparison research
manipulating some aspect of the environment to observe the effect of the manipulation on behavior
manipulative research
What is manipulated in an experiment. must have at least two conditions
independent variable
dependent variable
subject variable
behavioral variable
behavior that is observed or measured in an experiment
extraneous variable
observable responses
stimulus variable
things that could affect an organism's response
characteristics of the participant
subject variables
behavioral variables
variable that is not controlled that could affect the dependent variable
Study of the mind and mental processes
cognitive psychology
physiology
Finding a location in the brain that supports a particular cognitive process or function
localization
sensing
neuroscience
the conversion of physical energy into the neural codes recognized by the brain
visual perception
projection
an internal representation of the object is formed and a percept of the external stimulus is developed
perceiving
Occurs because the world is 3D but our retinal image is 2D
inverse projection problem
3D perceptive problem
sensing problem
a retinal image can change dramatically but we still perceive the same thing
perceptual constancies
depth perception
relative size
involves using visual cues to perceive the distance of objects
if an image of one object is bigger than another object it appears closer
occlusion
when one object is blocked by another object , the blocked object is perceived as being further away
atmospheric perspective
far away objects often appear hazy or slightly blurred
linear perspective
parallel lines seem to meet in the distance
