Widely practiced as a part of ordinary medical procedure

An unusual procedure that must be court ordered

Immoral, unethical, and rarely used in the United States

permissible only for patients who are in intense pain and suffering.

Avoid informing him of his condition because doing so hastens death

Forbid doctors to talk to him about his condition because it will bring bad fortune to the family

Pretend there is nothing wrong in an attempt to prevent unnecessary stress

Talk openly and honestly about his condition, so that he can focus on resolving family conflicts before he dies

Teenagers with permissive parents are more likely to turn to adults for guidance about death.

Most teenagers believe that their parents are genuinely interested in discussing death with them.

The majority of parents of teenagers feel inadequately prepared to discuss death with their children.

Parents should impose their viewpoints and correct their teens' conflicting beliefs.

Offering the dying person care, affection, companionship, and esteem

Hiding the truth about the diagnosis from the dying person

Avoiding discussions about the past

Giving the dying person time alone.

Talk about the past and avoid discussing his impending death

Assure him that she will support him through his physical and psychological distress

Tell him that he is going to get better soon

Conceal or minimize her own grief

An idealized, easy end

Passing without pain and suffering

The integrity of the life that precedes it

The relinquishment of personal control over the final phase of life

Most people experience death with little pain

Three-fourths of deaths are sudden

Three-fourths of deaths are long and drawn out

Most deaths are gentle, with medication easing the pain

Adults of past generations were more devoted to their aging parents than contemporary adults

Approximately two-thirds of older adults in the United States do not live in close proximity to any of their children

A longer life expectancy means that adult children and their parents are increasingly likely to grow old together

Adult children spend less time in physical proximity to their parents today than in the past

Many contemporary parents launch children a decade or more before retirement, then seek other rewarding activities

For most parents, the period of launching children and moving on is filled with feelings of emptiness and regret

Many contemporary parents regard launching children as their last major goal in life, as well as their most important one

The period of launching children and moving on is marked by the smallest number of exits and entries of family members

Generativity

Autonomy

Environmental mastery

Stagnation

Young-old

Destruction-creation

Masculinity-femininity

Engagement-separateness

Young-old

Destruction-creation

Masculinity-femininity

Engagement-separateness

Use authoritarian parenting

Be open-minded about differing viewpoints

Experience anxiety and depression

Work mostly for financial rewards

The smallest sector of the U.S. population

Better educated than any previous midlife cohort

Not as healthy as mid lifers were in the 1950's

Not as financial secure as mid lifers were in the 1980's

Cognitive declines occur earlier in people with complex occupations.

People with flexible personalities are likely to maintain mental abilities well into late adulthood.

There is no known correlation between SES and intellectual decline.

Early retirement, whether forced or by choice, contributes to rapid intellectual decline in older adults.

Type A

Type B

Pessimistic

Hardy

An individual gym membership

A home-based routine planned by a consultant

A group class

Day-to-day modifications, such as taking the stairs instead of an elevator

Develop effective ways of handling stress and conflict

Learn how to suppress their hostility

Force themselves to take an extended vacation

Ruminate about past anger-provoking events

Individuals with the Type A behavior pattern are not as likely as Type B individuals to develop heart disease.

Hallmarks of the Type A pattern include ambition, patience, the ability to multitask, and a relaxed sense of time.

Women score higher than men in hostility and dominance, evident in rapid, loud, insistent speech.

Current evidence pinpoints hostility as a toxic ingredient of Type A in both men and women.

During menopause, complaints about sexual functioning decrease.

Hot flashes and night sweats affect only about 1 in 12 women.

Most studies reveal no association between menopause and depression in the general population.

Following menopause, estrogen increases, causing the reproductive organs to increase in size.

Marked by feelings of chaos and crisis.

A contemporary phenomenon, basically nonexistent before the twentieth century.

Hard to define because few variations in attitudes and behaviors exist from early adulthood.

More about aging mentally than physically.

Revert to a more traditional gender role around the home

Spend more time outside the home as a wage earner

Take an even more active role in parenting

Tend to the older child less often

Ken, an African-American Baptist, and Eileen, an Asian-American Mormon, who married at age 21

Rolf and Louisa, both German Protestants, who married at age 25

Hector and Irma, both Mexican-American Catholics, who married at age 30

Jeff and Val, both college graduates, who married at age 28

Donna, who is 25 years old and has recently divorced

Steven, who is 35 years old and has been married for 10 years

Janine, who is 40 years old and has never married

Miguel, who is 50 years old and has recently married

Intimacy involves a desire for sexual activity and romance

Intimacy, passion, and commitment shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop

Initial intimacy declines in favor of passion and commitment

Passion develops after commitment is established

Was acting out Paul's dream

Was probably going through the age-30 transition

Acted as a mentor to Paul

Probably jeopardized his own dream

Pramada, a middle-SES female in India

Percy, a high-SES male in the United Kingdom

Huan, a low-SES female in China

Albert, a high school dropout in the United States

Entry-level positions in many fields require more education than in the past.

Wealthy nations with longer-lived populations have a pressing need for young people's labor.

A minority of young people seek higher education and delay financial independence.

Many aspects of the life course are socially constructed, with little room for choice.

Emma, who is emotionally dependent on her parents

Earl, who avoids involvement in campus-based social and religious organizations

Elyssa, who feels that her college community is concerned about her as an individual

Ely, whose parents see little value in a college degree

While men have more sexual partners than women, women are less likely to use adequate protection

Women tend to receive less information about safe sexual practices

It is at least twice as easy for a man to infect a woman with any STD than for a woman to infect a man

Rates of promiscuity in the last decade have risen sharply in U.S. women

On the internet

At school events

At work

At church

The weight gain is likely caused by a lack of physical activity

She is at high risk for heart disease

This is a normal part of aging, resulting from a drop in basal metabolic rate

The average woman gains between 2 and 5 pounds a year throughout early and middle adulthood

A healthy diet and physical activity

Hormone therapy

Genetic reconstruction

Cellular therapy

telomeres decrease in number

telomeres shorten

telomeres multiply in number

telomeres activity increases

David is at a higher risk for leading a life full of aggression and criminality

Jason is at a higher risk for leading a life full of aggression and criminality

David will likely outgrow his delinquent behavior by middle adolescence

David and Jason are at equal risk for a life full of aggression and criminality

Gender intensification

Identity diffusion

Gender-role confusion

Identity moratorium

tends to interfere with advanced moral development

does not seem to prevent early sexual activity and teen pregnancy

promotes responsible academic and social behavior

increases as adolescents search for a personally meaningful identity

Kohlberg emphasized that it is the content of the response that determines moral maturity

Given a choice between obeying the law and preserving individual rights, the most advanced moral thinkers focus on avoidance of punishment as a reason for behaving morally

Kohlberg emphasized that it is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma, not the content of the response, that determines moral maturity

Kohlberg noted that females more than males tended to emphasize obeying the law over the value of human life

Have committed to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration

Are apathetic, lacking both exploration and commitment

Have accepted a ready-made identity chosen for them by authority figures

Have explored, but not yet committed, to values and goals

School

Their friends

Their achievements

Parental relationships

Confusion; a crisis

Exploration; role confusion

Exploration; commitment

Questioning; role confusion

Cigarettes

Alcohol

Marijuana

Cocaine

Mark is less likely than Daryl to contract AIDS, but more likely to contract another STD

Mark is more likely than Daryl to contract AIDS or another STD

Mark is less likely than Daryl to contract AIDS or another STD

Mark is more likely than Daryl to contract AIDS, but less likely to contract another STD

Very open sexual attitudes

A more open attitude toward homosexuality

Little or no information about sex

Relatively restrictive sexual attitudes

Overprotective and controlling mothers and emotionally distant fathers

Permissive mothers and highly competitive fathers

Permissive mothers and uninvolved fathers

Divorced parents where the mother is overwhelmed and the father is largely absent

Steady improvement in gross-motor performance

The rapid gain in heigh and weight known as the growth spurt

Changes in physical features related to sexual functioning

Extreme moodiness, particularly toward adults

Biologically determined

Socially determined

Influenced by biological, psychological, and social forces

Abrupt and stagelike

Period so turbulent that it resembles the era in which humans evolved from savages into civilized beings

Time in which teenagers grasp scientific and mathematical principles and grapple with social and political issues

Generally pleasant time of life in which the social environment is responsible for the range of teenage experiences

Brief intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult roles and responsibilities

Resilience is a preexisting attribute rather than a capacity that develops over time

Resilience enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity

Because they are repeatedly exposed to adversity, abused children become increasingly resilient over time

Resilience is less common among children with a mastery-oriented approach to new situations

Gender contentedness

Gender typicality

Feels pressure to conform to gender roles

Gender-disconnectedness

Problem-centered

Emotion-centered

Effort-centered

Avoidant

Observable characteristics; personality traits

Personality traits; psychological qualities

External events; internal states

Internal states; external events

Athletic competence

Academic competence

Physical appearance

Social competence

Feedback from close friends

Parental attitudes

Information from siblings

Feedback from teachers

Autonomy

Industriousness

Inferiority

Basic trust

Generally take five to seven years to attain speaking and writing skill on par with those of monolingual agemates

Attain language milestones in both languages far later than monolingual agemates

Have a much smaller and less sophisticated vocabulary than monolingual children

Separate the language systems early on and attain early language milestones according to a typical timetable

A whole-language approach is the best method for teaching beginning reading

Children do not benefit from reading strategies until they have fully mastered phonics

Fluent readers tend to use ineffective reading strategies and have difficulty with comprehension

Combining phonics with whole language is the best approach for teaching beginning reading

Emotional intelligence is highly correlated with general intelligence

Traditional intelligence tests accurately assess the complexity of human behavior

All forms of intelligence follow the same course of development

Each intelligence has a unique biological basis and a distinct course of development

Rigid

Logical

Disorganized

Singular

Over half of the U.S. schools no longer provide recess to students as young as second grade

Elementary school students are more attentive in the classroom after recess than before it

Elementary school students are less attentive in the classroom after recess than before it

In more than half of the U.S. elementary schools, recess is scheduled several times each day

Abstract thinking

More efficient information processing

Elaboration

Metacognition

Parents tend to underestimate their child's safety knowledge and physical abilities

The rate of injury deaths decreases from middle childhood into adolescence

Because of their underdeveloped motor skills, girls have a slightly higher risk of unintentional injury than boys

Use of protective helmets leads to a 25 percent reduction in risk of head injury

Shy Samantha

Active Adam

Cheerful Cheryl

Helpful Helena

Induction

Rewards

Withdrawal of love

Time-out

Maxine arranges for her 4-year-old to play with his friend at the park

Regina allows her 3-year-old to choose her own playmates

Tamie plays house with her 4-year-old

David and his 3-year-old play with blocks

More; provide props than those who value its cognitive benefits

More; have children who have rich imaginations than those who view play as developmentally beneficial

More; encourage associative play than to encourage parallel play

Less; encourage pretend play than those who value its cognitive benefits and social benefits

Expose him to frightening stories in books and on TV until he is able to sort out appearance from reality

Teach him to manage a fear of the dark by turning out night lights, hall lights, and electronic screens

Teach him to manage a fear of animals by picking him up and moving him to the animal that arouses fear

If he fears being at preschool, provide extra support by accompanying the child and gradually lessening the amount of time she is present

Label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with preschoolers

Encourage peer sociability and demand that their children share with peers

Label their children's successes and failures and point out when their children make errors

Expect their children to behave like adults

Self-awareness

Self-talk

Self-esteem

Effortful control

Teacher-directed learning activities

Emphasis on scaffolding

Acceptance of individual differences

Emphasis on an academic achievement

They are able to represent depth in their drawings

Adults draw with children and point out the resemblances between drawings and objects

They gesture rather than label their scribbles

They trace adult drawings

Have an increase in appetite

Become unpredictable, picky eaters

Eat healthier foods than in infancy

Require different foods than adults for a healthy diet

Growth hormone (GH)

Estrogen

Thyroxine

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

For the majority of individuals, handedness is inherited from the mother's side of the family

Ordinary siblings are more likely than identical or fraternal twins to differ in handedness

Left-handedness occurs more frequently among people with developmental disorders and mental illness than in the general population

Right-handed children are more likely than their left-handed agemates to develop outstanding verbal and mathematical talents

The brain increases from 40 percent of its adult weight to 60 percent

Many parts of the cerebral cortex have overproduced synapses

Energy consumption of most cortical regions diminishes to adult levels

Synaptic pruning slows or ends

Play

Growth

Difficult

Thinking

Automatic processing of information

Voluntary, effortful management of emotions

Emotional contagion

Adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty

They should slowly nod when Beckham eats fruit

They should smile and say, "Yummy!" when Beckham eats fruit

They should frown when Beckham does not eat fruit

They should smile and look surprised when Beckham eats fruit

Self-control

Give-and-take

Emotional self-regulation

Social referencing

Infants of depressed mothers have low levels of the stress hormone cortisol

It rarely has a lasting impact on the infant, unless it persists for more than a year

Most mothers with depression require long-term treatment for a full recovery

Depressed mothers view their infants more negatively than independent observers do

Decrease in both frequency and intensity

Increase in intensity, but decrease in frequency

Increase in both frequency and intensity

Increase in frequency, but decrease in intensity

Difficult to identify in the first few months of life

Universal in humans

Found only among humans

Reflexive

Gives a child an extra five minutes to finish playing before leaving the park

Makes her son put away his toys immediately when asked

Picks up her son's toys, puts away his books, and makes his bed on a daily basis

Criticizes her son whenever he incorrectly uses his fork or spoon

Is a more accurate predictor of intelligence than a developmental quotient

Rarely fluctuates between toddlerhood and adolescence

Is expressed as the ratio of an individual's chronological age to his or her mental age

Indicates the extent to which the raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals

Sensorimotor behavior

Perception, attention, and memory

Social interaction

Developmental quotients

Infantile amnesia is more common in females than males

Most older children and adults cannot retrieve events that happened before age 3

Infants' memory processing is fundamentally different from that of adults

During the first few years, children remember largely with verbal techniques

Assimilation; accommodation

Equilibration; disequilibration

Adaptation; organization

Accommodation; assimilation

Sensorimotor action patterns

Deliberate

Creative

Awkward and disorganized

Carry out many activities inside their heads

"Think" with their eyes, ears, and hands

Assimilate more than they accommodate

Are incapable of constructing schemes

The neural tube must produce fewer neurons during the prenatal period than the brain will need

The prefrontal cortex much attain adult levels of synaptic connections during the prenatal period

Appropriate stimulation of the child's brain is vital during periods in which the formation of synapses is at its peak

Between 80 and 90 percent of the neurons produced during the first two years must undergo programmed cell death

Becomes unnecessary

Results in fewer and fewer synapses

Becomes vital to their survival

Causes synaptic pruning

Tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch

Nerve cells that store and transmit information

Chemicals released by neurons

Responsible for myelination

During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body

During infancy, the body grows from "head to tail"

During the prenatal period, the trunk grows first, followed by the chest and the head

During childhood, the arms and legs grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet

During the prenatal period, the head, chest, and trunk grow first, then the arms and the legs

During infancy and childhood, the hands and the feet grow ahead of the arms and legs

During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body

By age 2, the head accounts for nearly one-half of the body length

Insulates her brittle bones until proper cartilage is formed

Is a trend that will continue into middle childhood

Serves to strengthen her muscles

Helps her to maintain a constant body temperature

Sound

Pain

Touch

Taste

Poorer the child's intelligence and achievement test scores during the school years

Greater the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS

Higher the birth weight of the child

Greater the child's speed of information processing

Most drug-using mothers refuse to participate in teratology research

The majority of babies born to drug-using mothers do not survive for more than a few days

Most drug-using mothers quit during the first trimester of pregnancy

Drug-using mothers often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from poverty and other stresses

The fetal period is the time when serious defects are most likely to occur

During the embryonic period, teratogens usually affect the growth of sensory organs, such as the eyes and ears

In the period of the zygote, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact

During the fetal period, teratogens have no impact on the developing organism

Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

A limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly

A rapid period of prenatal neurological development

A synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage

Second

Fourth

Eighth

Twelfth

Zygote

Blastocyst

Embryo

Fetus

The in vitro "sex sorter" method could lead to parental sex selection

Reproductive technologies cannot be used to overcome most male fertility problems

More than 75 percent of reproductive technologies result in multiple births

A lack of genetic ties often strains the parent-child relationship

Genetic engineering

Prenatal diagnosis

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Genetic counseling

Multiple births

Maternal age

Prenatal tobacco exposure

Prenatal malnutrition

Mutation; genetic abnormalities

Meiosis; X-linked disorders

Mitosis; fragile X syndrome

Genomic imprinting; mutations

Males are more likely than females to inherit harmful recessive alleles

The Y chromosome is much longer than the X chromosome

The Y chromosome lacks many corresponding genes to override those carried on the X chromosome

His sex chromosomes match, which makes him more susceptible to disease