Neoplasia-1 Mind map

Neoplasia-1

1. Composition of neoplasm

   • Parenchyma
     • •Proliferating transformed neoplastic cells •Determines its biologic behavior
   • Stroma
     • •It is the supporting connective tissue where neoplastic cells are embedded. •Provides nutrition (blood vessels) and mechanical support to the neoplastic cells
   • Benign tumor
     • •A tumor is said to be benign when its gross and microscopic appearances are considered relatively innocent, implying that it will remain localized, will not spread to other sites, and is amenable to local surgical.
   • Malignant tumor
     • •Malignant tumors can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death.

2. Terminologies

   • Adenoma
   • Papilloma
   • Cystadenoma
   • Polyp
   • Carcinoma
   • Sarcoma
   • Lymphoma
   • Leukemia
   • Tumor mimics
     • Hamartoma
     • Choristoma
   • Teratoma
   • Mixed tumor

3. Histological features of neoplasm

   • Anaplasia
   • Increased N:C ratio
   • Atypical mitoses
   • Pleomorphism
   • Loss of polarity
   • Central necrosis
   • Tumor giant cells
   • Metastsis
     • Lymphatic
       • Lymphatic spread is characteristic of carcinomas, 1. Initial spread is to regional draining lymph nodes
       • Sentinel lymph node
     • Hematogenous
       • Hematogenous spread is characteristic of sarcomas and some carcinomas. 1. Renal cell carcinoma (often invades renal vein) 2. Hepatocellular carcinoma (often invades hepatic vein) 3. Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid 4. Choriocarcinoma
       • Osteoblastic
       • Osteolytic
     • Transcelomic
       • Seeding of body cavities is characteristic of ovarian carcinoma, which often involves the peritoneum ('omental caking',
     • Iatrogenic

4. Cancer epidemiology

   • Canter is the 2nd leading cause of death in both adults and children. 1. The leading causes of death in adults are (1) cardiovascular disease, (2) cancer, and (3) cerebrovascular disease. 2. The leading causes of death in children are (1) accidents, (2} cancer, and (3) congenital defects.
   • Incidence
     • The most common cancers by incidence in adults are (1) breast/prostate, (2) lung, and (3) colorectal.
   • Mortality
     • The most common causes of cancer mortality in adults are (1) lung, (2) breast/ prostate, and (3) colorectal,
   • Etiology
     • Heridetary cancers
       • Autosomal dominant
       • Autosomal recessive

5. Ocupational cancers

   • Shipyards(asbestos)- Mesothelioma Aniline dye(rubber and paint)- Urinary bladder cancer PVC -Hepatic angiosarcoma

6. cancer associated with chronic inflammation

   • Chronic ulcer: SCC Schistosoma- Bladder cancer

7. Precancerous conditions

8. Monoclonality

   • B. Monoclonal means that the neoplastic cells are derived from a single mother cell. C. Qonality can be determined by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme iso forms. 1. Multiple isoforms (e.g., G6PDA, G6PD.,, and G6PD( ) exist; only one isoform is inherited from each parent. 2. In females, one isoform is randomly inactivated in each cell by lyonization (G6PD is present on the X chromosome).