PSYC3700 Exam 1

argued that our source of certainty lies in our awareness of ourselves as sentient, together with pre-existing thoughts.

argued that we cannot know what is real until we know with some certainty what it is that we can know.

knowledge is also known as , which is knowing THAT something is the case.

knowledge is also known as , which is knowing HOW to do something.

knowledge, supported by Descartes, is the idea that ideas/principles are pre-installed in the human mind by a God.

are from the general to the specific

are from the specific to the general

Darwin had a view of the mind

can be defined as the descendent from a common evolutionary ancesor

Evolution can be defined as

Natural selection is a simple product of the concurrence of 3 requirements:

is when species stop evolving and the average value of traits remains the same. Evolution occurs under

The European Peppered Moth discussed in class is an example of rather than .

are the wellspring of evolutionary change.

Natural selection can only operate on .

is when two structures (such as a bat wing and a dragon fly wing) where they are alike, but not the same and do not share the same evolutionary history.

is a set of structures that are shared by a common ancestor (such as the flipper or a walrus and the wing of a bat).

, is the emergence of a new species

is speciation that follows from a population of animals being separated spatially.

As was the case with Darwin's finches, appearance is helpful in identifying species, but it does not define the species: the adherence to this definition is

To understand the historical or evolutionary context in which specific characteristics arise or disappear, we need to be able to identify the taxa using a

Skeletal material and behaviour are both

or is when a trait can carry or disappear within a clade independently of a common ancestor.

A is a set of adjacent alleles or DNA sequences that is inherited together

The problem with is that we cannot extract useable genetic material from fossils, and gene clocks may not be properly calibrated. Thus, we must combine phenotypic phylogenies and genotypic phylogenies.

Darwin promoted the when he pointed to baboons as a source of information

operate on the assumption that spontaneous errors in nucleotide sequences during replication (mutations) happen at a fixed average rate.

For a gene/molecular clock to be calibrated, a is conducted

is a major problem in the construction of phylogenies. But, if we can identify it as such, it can be valuable in the comparative method.

is an expression of the same trait by different members of a clade only because it has been carried and hasn't come under selection pressure (if it ain't broke - don't fix it!)

is a good example of descent with modification in hominin communities.

The first identified member of our species was either or

was the first hominin to leave Africa

was a hominin with small stature and small brain size

The is the collision of competing locomotory and reproductive selection pressures.

If it weren't for our , we would all arrive in the world without any real complications.