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Chapter 13

• Chapter 13 test review :)

Celts

• The Celts were the earliest group of settlers in the British Isles.
• The Druids were Celtic men, higher-ups and intellectuals.
• Stone Hinge is the famous

The Anglo-Saxon Period

• The Angles named the southern part of Britain Angolan.
• Today it is known as England. (sounds the same)
• The famous poem from their scops (poets) that remains today is Beowulf.
• The famous Anglo-Saxon Augustine was the 1st Archbishop of the canteburry (an influential church person).

Alfred the Great and Danes

• The Danes were vikings that invaded England.
• Alfred the Great was England's first great king.
• After Alfred's death the Danes and the English started fighting again. This caused them to become one single kingdom (England).

The Norman Conquest

• The Battle of Hastings was between William the Conqueror and Herold over who would take the crown.
• William won the battle and became the king of England.
• William the Conqueror brought feudalism, a census, and where we get "sheriff" from.
• Williams son, Henry I, became king after William died.
• Henry I ended heavy taxation.

The Plantagenet Kings

• Henry II took over as king after Henry I died.
• Henry II initiated the Plantagenet line of kings.
• Plantagenet is the name of the flower his father wore.
• It was important that Henry II developed common law during his reign because it was a precursor to the Magna Carta.
• Henry II also established trial by jury (so no one can have absolute power). It still stands today.

Richard the Lion-Hearted

• After Henry II death, his son Richard took over.
• Richard lead the crusade, but was only there 6 months out of his ten years of reign.
• Eleanor of Aquitaine took over his realm while he was away fighting.

The Magna Carta

• Richard's brother, John took over after Richard died.
• He became the most hated king in history. (terrible leadership and abuse of power).
• The papacy gained more power because of his actions toward the pope Innocent III and the French.
• The Magna Carta came out of this.
• The Magna Carta limits the king so nobody is above the law.
• After John's death, his son took over. Henry III.
• Simon De Monforte led a rebllion because of Henry III lack of leadership.
• This movement was called the 1st meeting of Parliament.

Parliament

• Parliament is a type of gov. Let's people speak about what they want.
• Originally divided into nobles, church leaders, reps.
• Finally divided into House of Lords, commons, and reps.

Hundred Year's War

• The reason for this war was the French and English fought over land.
• It was easy for the English to defeat the French because they had long bows.
• Joan of Arc led the French by claiming the "heavenly voices" were helping her.
• The English lost the war but it was a "blessing in disguise" because it brought everyone together.

New Horizons Early Exploration Efforts

• Western Civilization and the "European Age" go hand-in-hand because they influenced the Modern Age. By common law, architecture, sewage systems, etc.

Age of Exploratio