Which of these is not a function of blood?
Transport of nutrients
Transport of signals (hormones etc)
Heat distribution
Hormone production
Which of these inorganic ions are not found in plasma?
Na+
Cl-
K+
Mg2+
Which of these is not a component of plasma?
Water
Small organics
Proteins
Red blood cells
How much water is contained in plasma?
5-5.5L
5.5-6L
4.5-5L
6-6.5L
Which is the most abundant serum protein?
Albumin
α1-globulins
β-globulins
γ-globulins
What is the normal range of protein concentration in serum?
60-80 g/L
50-70 g/L
70-90 g/L
40-60 g/L
What are the approximate proportions of Albumin?
~55%
~60%
~50%
~65%
What is the approximate proportion of immunoglobulin G?
~15%
~20%
~10%
~25%
Which of these is not involved in blood clotting?
Thrombin
Fibrin
Plasmin
Which of these is a 66kDa polypeptide with 3 homologous domains each with different binding sites?
α1-Proteinase Inhibitor
Transferrin
Haemoglobin
Which of the following is a 54kDa polypeptide with a 'bait' sequence for elastase binding?
Which of the following is a 77kDa polypeptide with 2 homologous domains each with an Fe binding site
Which of the following is not a Granulocyte
Neutrophils
Eiosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
How many molecules of Haemoglobin are there in a red blood cell?
250x10^6
250x10^8
250x10^7
250x10^5
Which of the following is not present in a red blood cell?
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Membrane
Which of the following is a 64kDa tetrapolypeptide with 2 α-chains and 2 β-chains?
What percentage of humans have a Haemoglobin mutation?
1%
5%
7%
9%
Which of the following is not a main role of pattern recognition receptors?
To activate the cell to synthesise
To cause cells to release defensive molecules
To initiate phagocytosis or apoptosis
To carry out phagocytosis or apoptosis
Which of the following carries out phagocytosis
Eosinophils
Which of the following is not an anti microbial enzyme?
Lysozyme
Lacoperioxidase
Phopholipase A2
Superoxide dismutase
What is the size of anti-microbial peptides?
3-5kDa
2-4kDa
4-6kDa
5-7kDa
Which of the following is not an anti-microbial peptide?
Defensins
Histatins
Cathelicidins
Transferrins
Which of the following is not a feature of adaptive immunity?
Specificity
Memory
Tolerance
Rapid 1st Response
Which of the following is regarded as a type of lympocyte
B cell
T cell
Both B and T cell
Neither B or T cell
In vaccination, which of these methods is not used?
Using a related organism
Using a wild type strain
Using a recombinent antigen
Using an attenuated strain
Which of the following is a 150kDa tetrapolypeptide with 2 heavy amd 2 light chains
IgG
IgG is made up of...
2 50kDa chains and 2 25kDa chains
1 75kDa chain and 3 25kDa chains
2 75kDa chains
3 50kDa chains
Which of these is a correct arrangement for polypeptide chains in IgG
γ2λ2
λ2κ2
γ2κλ
γ2γ2
How many Complementary-Determining Regions are there in a IgG molecule?
12
10
8
6
Which of the following contains 2 heavy chains (α) and two light chains (λ or κ)
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE
Which of the following has 2 heavy chains (µ) and two light chains (λ or κ)
Which of the following has 2 heavy chains (δ) and two light chains (λ or κ)
Which of the following has 2 heavy chains (ε) and two light chains (λ or κ)
igD
The V domains on all the heavy chains are specified by
V segment
V and D segments
V, D and J segments
V and J segments
The V domains on all the light chains are specified by
Which of the following is false regarding Antibody-mediated immunity?
Directed towards extracellular antigens.
Recognition by BCRs on the B-cells.
Requires confirmation by Th-cells for antibody production
Directed towards intracellular antigens.
Which of the following statements regarding the MHC I and MHC II systems is false?
The are both highly polymorphic.
Both require 3 types of peptides
Individuals commonly have the same combination of MHC proteins
The binding sites of the MHC proteins recognise sets of peptides
Which of the following statements regarding T-cells is false?
From bone marrow
Mature in bone marrow
There are two types
Mature T-cells circulate and reside in lymphoid tissue
Which of the following statements is false?
All mitochondria come from the mother
Mitochondria have their own DNA
Mitochondria is found in all cell types
Mitochondria is involved with apoptosis
The body daily produces approximately...
70kg ATP
60kg ATP
80kg ATP
100kg ATP
What % of mitochondrial disorders are due to mtDNA mutations?
15
20
25
Which of the following statements regarding mtDNA is false?
Contains no introns
Contains a repair mechanism
Contains no repeats
Double stranded, circular
Which of the following can't be used for mitochondrial disease diagnosis
Maternal family history
Blood/CSF/Urine tests
Imaging Techniques
Paternal family history
Which mitochondrial disease has a very early onset of symptoms?
Leigh Syndrome
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
MELAS
Ophthalmoplegia
Which disorder is associated with "Ragged Red Fibers"
MERRF
NARP
Pearson syndrome
Which of the following is not a radical?
Hydrogen peroxide
Hypoclorite
Singlet oxygen
Peroxynitrite
Which is the most reactive intermediate?
Hydroxyl radicals
Superoxide
Hydrogen Peroxide
Which is the least reactive intermediate?
Which is not a source of superoxide?
Enzymatic
Toxic compounds
Ionising Radiation
UV light
What enzyme is used to detoxify hydrogen peroxide?
Catalase
Hydrogen peroxidase
Hydrogen dismutase
(From Textbook) The production of antibodies in response to a foreign molecule is referred to as
a cellular immune response
a humoral immune response
an autoimmune response
(From textbook) An epitope is
the portion of an antibody which recognizes an antigen.
the protein of an antigen recognized by an antibody.
an internal signal in the B-lymphocytes initiating the production of antibodies.
(From textbook) The treatment of immunoglobulin G with papain results in the production of two types of fragments. Which of the following correctly relates these fragments to antigen binding?
The Fab fragment is capable of binding antigen but the Fc fragment is not.
The Fab fragment can bind antigen only in the presence of the Fc fragment.
The proteolytic action of papain abolishes the ability of the antibody fragments to bind antigen.
(From textbook) The immunoglobulin G molecule is composed of two heavy (H) and two light (L) chains. Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between these two types of chains and the Fab and Fc fragments?
The L chains are present only in the Fab fragment
The Fc fragment contains parts of both the H and L chains
Disulfide bonds linking H and L chains are found in both Fab and Fc fragments.
(From textbook) Hypervariable loops of the Fab portion of antibody molecules are involved in antigen binding. The amino acids forming these loops
come from the L chain only.
come from the H chain only.
come from both the H and L chains.
(From textbook) Genes for specific immunoglobulins are the product of rearrangement and linkage of V (variable) and C (constant) genes in the differentiation of lymphocytes. How does this process differ for the H and L chains?
J (joining) genes are used to link V and C genes in construction of genes for L chains but not H chains.
D (diversity) genes are used in place of J genes in construction of genes for H chains.
D (diversity) genes are used in conjunction with J genes in construction of genes for H chains.
(From textbook) T-cells scan the surface of cells and kill those that exhibit foreign markings. The form in which such cells are marked is
by proteins from intracellular pathogens being secreted by the target cells
by proteolytic products of intracellular pathogens being released from the target cells
by proteolytic products of intracellular pathogens being presented on the surface of the cells bound to the major histocompatibility complex.
(From textbook) Helper T cells also recognize foreign peptides displayed on the surface of cells in a complex with Class II MHC proteins. These peptides are the result of
degradation of an internal pathogen located in the cytosol.
degradation of proteins internalized by endocytosis.
foreign proteins being degraded by extracellular proteases
(From textbook) The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) responsible for acquired autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) subverts the immune system by destroying what type of cell?
B-lymphocytes
killer T cells
helper T cells
(From textbook) Thymocytes are produced in the bone marrow and converted to T cells in the thymus. Which of the following is NOT a selective process involved in this conversion?
Positive selection to assure that only T cells that bind MHC proteins will survive.
Negative selection to assure that T cells that bind MHC proteins too tightly will be destroyed.
Selection to assure that T cells bind to MHC proteins only in the presence of foreign peptides.
