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PSYC 140: CHAPTER 3
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Perguntas do quiz (95)
1Research by Abbey (1998) found that _______ are likely to attribute a _______ friendliness to mild
sexual interest.- Awomen; man's
- Bmen; woman's
- Cboth women and men; man's
- Dboth women and men;
woman's
2According to the text, many men assume women are flattered by repeated requests for dates which
women more often see as harassing. This is an example of- Aarrogance.
- Ba lack of intuition.
- Cmisattribution.
- Dmiscommunication
3According to your text, people everywhere perceive mediators and media as
- Abiased in favor of their position.
- Bobjective in their decisions and
coverage. - Cbiased against their position.
- Dbiased against the President
4The theory that explains people's behavior by attributing it to internal dispositions or external
situations is called- Adispositional theory.
- Bmotivational theory.
- Csituational theory.
- Dattribution theory.
5A fellow student is consistently late for class. You assume this is because he is lazy and unorganized.
What type of attribution are you making for his behavior?- Amotivational
- Bdispositional
- Csituational
- Dillusory
6You are consistently late to your psychology class, because the biology class you have immediately
before it is in a building on the other side of campus. You are concerned that your professor does not
think you are a serious student because of your chronic tardiness. If this were true, what type of
attribution would your professor be making about your behavior?- Amotivational
- Bdispositional
- Csituational
- Dexternal
7You are consistently late to your psychology class, because the biology class you have immediately
before it is in a building on the other side of campus. You are concerned that your professor does not
think you are a serious student because of your chronic tardiness, so you inform her of why you are
always late. You can now safely conclude that your professor will make what type of attribution
about your behavior?- Amotivational
- Bdispositional
- Csituational
- Dinternal
8Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because she is an unhappy person. What type of
attribution are you making to explain her behavior?- Amotivational
- Bdispositional
- Csituational
- Dillusory
9Your boss is always cranky. You assume this is because he has not had a raise in ten years. What
type of attribution are you making to explain his behavior?- Amotivational
- Bdispositional
- Csituational
- Dcommon sense
10Attributing behavior to a person's traits is an example of what type of attribution?
- Amotivational
- Bdispositional
- Csituational
- Depigenetic
11Attributing behavior to a person's environment is an example of what type of attribution?
- Amotivational
- Bdispositional
- Csituational
- Dgenetic
12According to the attribution theorist Kelley (1973), what three types of information do we use when
we make attributions for other people's behavior?- Aconsistency, distinctiveness, and character
- Bconsistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
- Cconformity, distinctiveness, and character
- Dconformity, distinctiveness, and consensus
13Misha is struggling with her computer. She is asked if she has difficulty using other computers on
campus. The answer to this question provides information about- Aconsistency.
- Bdistinctiveness.
- Ccharacter
- DConsensus
14Misha is struggling with her computer. She is asked if she usually encounters difficulty when using
her computer. The answer to this question provides information about- Aconsistency.
- Bdistinctiveness.
- Ccharacter.
- Dconsensus
15The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional
influences on other people's behavior is called the- Afalse consensus bias.
- Bmisinformation effect.
- Cfundamental attribution
error. - Ddispositional bias.
16After reading a newspaper article about teenagers who illegally download music from the Internet,
you conclude that those who engage in such behavior are morally bankrupt. It never occurs to you
that the reason teenagers download music from the Internet is because they are not able to afford the
price of a compact disc, or the temptation to download, coupled with the peer pressure to do so, is
often great. Your thinking on this matter can be characterized by the- Afalse consensus bias.
- Bmisinformation effect.
- Cfundamental attribution
error. - Ddispositional bias.
17Researchers had students read debaters' speeches either supporting or attacking Cuban leader Fidel
Castro. When the students were later told that each debater's position had been assigned, they- Aassumed the debater's position merely reflected the demands of the
assignment. - Bdescribed the speaker's position as poorly developed.
- Cconcluded that to some extent the speech reflected the speaker's true beliefs.
- Dconcluded that the debating coach was an effective persuader.
- Aassumed the debater's position merely reflected the demands of the
18Your immediate recognition of your friends' face or her voice on the phone is an example of
- Acontrolled processing.
- Billusory correlation
- Cautomatic processing.
- Dattributional error.
19Marcia thought that she would have enough time to write her paper after she bought groceries and
cleaned the house, but she ran out of time. This is an example of- Abelief perseverance
- Bthe planning fallacy.
- Cconfirmation bias.
- Dheuristic problems.
20Inferring that Cinderella is truly meek as she cowers in her oppressive home is an example of how we
often- Afocus on internal traits.
- Bignore temporary moods.
- Cforget about situational
influences. - Dnotice public and private
behavior.
21Researchers randomly assigned participants to play the part of either a quiz game contestant or the
host, while other participants merely observed the game. Results indicated that- Aboth contestants and observers thought the hosts were more knowledgeable than the contestants.
- Bboth contestants and observers thought the contestants were more knowledgeable than the hosts.
- Cobservers thought the hosts were more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to
the situation. - Dhosts thought themselves more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to the
situation.
22We tend to underestimate the situational determinants of others' behavior but not our own because we
observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves. This is known as the- Aactor-observer difference.
- Bcamera perspective bias.
- Cchanging perspectives trend.
- Dself-awareness phenomenon.
23What commands our attention as we shop for groceries each week is the environment around us, such
as the number of people in front of us at the checkout counter. Yet when we watch another person's
behavior at the grocery store, he or she, rather than the environment, occupies the center of our
attention. As a result, we tend to engage in the attribution error. That is we are irritable because the
lines are long, but the other person is cantankerous because he or she is an unhappy person. What
explanation below best explains this use of the fundamental attribution error?- Aactor-observer difference
- Bcamera perspective bias
- Cchanging perspectives trend
- Dself-awareness phenomenon
24In a study conducted by Lassiter and his colleagues (2002), participants observed a suspect
confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that participants were more likely to
perceive the confession as genuine when they viewed the confession- Alive
- Bthrough a two-way mirror.
- Cthrough a camera focused on the
suspect. - Dthrough a camera focused on the
detective.
25In a study conducted by Lassiter and his colleagues (2002), participants observed a suspect
confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that participants were more likely to
perceive the confession as coerced when they viewed the confession- Alive
- Bthrough a two-way mirror.
- Cthrough a camera focused on the
suspect. - Dthrough a camera focused on the detective
26According to the text, observers tend to attribute a person's behavior to _______ the more that time
passes.- Athe situation
- Bhis or her personal characteristics
- Cboth the situation and his or her personal characteristics
- Dneither the situation nor his or her personal
characteristics
27According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994), voters were more likely to attribute the outcome
of an election to the _______ the day after a presidential election, and to the _______ a year after the
election.- Apoor weather on election day; candidate's oral presentation skills
- Bcandidate's oral presentation skills; poor weather on election day
- Ccandidate's personal traits and positions; nation's economy
- Dnation's economy; candidate's personal traits and positions
28Burger and Pavelich (1994) found that voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election
to the candidate's personal traits and positions the day after a presidential election, and to the nation's
economy a year after the election. This represents which of the following explanations for the
fundamental attribution error?- Aactor-observer difference
- Bcamera perspective bias
- Cchanging perspectives trend
- Dself-awareness phenomenon
29Overconfidence remains after mistaken judgments due to the belief that
- A"I'll do better next time."
- B"I was almost right."
- C"It wasn't my fault that I was
wrong." - D"Others were also wrong."
30Maureen does not seem to take responsibility for her actions (e.g., always creating excuses for
coming home past curfew and acting like a victim of teachers when it comes to bad grades). In order
for her to take responsibility for her behavior, she needs to become more- Asituation-conscious
- Bself-conscious
- Cself-possessed.
- Dconfident
31A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself is called
- Aself-possession.
- Bself-consciousness.
- Cself-awareness.
- Dself-assuredness
32People in Western cultures are more inclined to assume that others' behaviors
- Areflect inner traits.
- Bare caused by the situation.
- Cdo not reflect inner traits.
- Ddo not cause events.
33In _______ cultures, people are less likely to perceive others in terms of personal dispositions.
- Aindividualistic
- Bcollectivistic
- Creligious
- Dsecular
34Those who make situational attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political
positions that- Aoffer more direct support to the poor.
- Bare unsympathetic to the poor.
- Ctend to blame the poor for their problems.
- Dare more neutral regarding poverty and
unemployment
35Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt
political positions that- Aoffer more direct support to the poor.
- Bare unsympathetic to the poor
- Ctend to blame the poor for their problems.
- Dare more neutral regarding poverty and
unemployment.
36Fletcher and his colleagues (1986) found that psychology students explained behavior _______ than
similarly intelligent natural science students.- Amore simplistically
- Bless simplistically
- Cless self-consciously
- Dmore positively
37Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true
survives. Social psychologists refer to this as- Arationalization.
- Bbelief persistence.
- Cattitude consistency.
- Dbelief perseverance.
38Researchers provided study participants with evidence that either risk-prone or cautious people make
better firefighters. When participants wrote an explanation for the findings, they were particularly
susceptible to- Athe fundamental attribution
error. - Bthe hindsight bias.
- Cbehavioral confirmation.
- Dbelief perseverance.
- Athe fundamental attribution
39You have a tendency to assume someone is still a good friend even after a person acts
otherwise. This tendency is known as the- Abelief perseverance phenomenon.
- Bbelief continuity phenomenon.
- Ccorrespondence bias.
- Dbelief disconfirmation bias.
40Despite reading numerous research studies that report the association of fast food consumption with
heart disease and diabetes, Rachel continues to eat fast food and thinks that it is harmless. Rachel's
thinking is an example of- Abelief assimilation.
- Bbelief consolidation.
- Cbelief perseverance.
- Doperation of the availability
heuristic.
41Research has shown that explaining why an opposite theory may be true (e.g., why a cautious person
might be a better fire-fighter than a risk-taking person) _______ belief perseverance.- Aslightly increases
- Bmaintains
- Creduces
- Dsignificantly increases
42Researchers had students write essays opposing student control over university curricula. When
asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier, most of the students- Aremembered having held a very different attitude.
- Bcould not remember how they had felt.
- Cmistakenly "remembered" having felt the same as they do now.
- Dadmitted they had always supported student control of university curricula but pretended to
oppose it in their essays
43A researcher asks adult research participants to vividly imagine tripping at a dance recital as a child.
This incident never really occurred. Given past research, ______ of the participants will later recall
the event as something that actually happened.- Anone
- Ball
- Cone-fourth
- Done percent
44Your summer vacation was perhaps not an overwhelmingly positive event, but during the finals week
of August, you remember it as being a fantastic time. This is an example of- Athe perseverance bias.
- Bthe fundamental attribution
error. - Cthe correspondence bias.
- Drosy retrospection.
45According to a study by Myers (2004), people in psychotherapy and self-improvement programs who
showed only modest improvements claimed that they- Adid not improve at all.
- Bexperienced considerable change.
- Cexperienced rapid improvement, then a steady decline.
- Dexperienced change.
46While waiting to cross the street, you witness a man running a red light—causing a three-car
accident. Just after it happens, the man who ran the stoplight gets out of the car to talk to you. He
tells you that the light was yellow. Later you tell police that you remembered the light being yellow,
not red, when the man went through the intersection. This scenario illustrates.- Athe priming effect.
- Bthe confirmation bias.
- Cbelief perseverance.
- Dthe misinformation effect.
47Incorporating inaccurate information into one's memory of an event, after witnessing the event and
receiving misleading information about it is called- Athe priming effect
- Bthe confirmation bias
- Cbelief perseverance.
- Dthe misinformation effect.
48Activating particular associations in memory is called
- Atriggering.
- Binitiation.
- Cgalvanization.
- Dpriming.
49To retrieve a memory of where your date told you she wanted to go for dinner tomorrow, you need to
activate one of the strands that leads to this memory, such as thinking about what types of food she
does and does not like. This process is known as- Abelief perseverance.
- Breconstruction.
- Cpriming
- Dinduction.
50Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called
- Acontrolled processing.
- Bautomatic processing
- Cexternal processing.
- Dintentional processing.
51"Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual and without awareness is called
- Acontrolled processing.
- Bautomatic processing.
- Cinternal processing.
- Dintentional processing.
52Jumping out of your seat as a result of an unexpected scene in a movie is what type of thinking?
- Acontrolled processing
- Bautomatic processing
- Cinternal processing
- Dintentional processing
53When trying to recall the definition of the fundamental attribution error during an exam, you think
back to what the professor was wearing when he was talking about the fundamental attribution error
in class. What type of thinking is this?- Acontrolled processing
- Bautomatic processing
- Cinternal processing
- Dintentional processing
54Your best friend is a master chess player, and has won numerous awards. When you play chess with
her, you notice that she seems to be aware of strategies almost immediately after your move. Her
awareness of these strategies reflects what type of thinking?- Acontrolled processing
- Bautomatic processing
- Cinternal processing
- Dintentional processing
55The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs is called the
- Aperseverance bias.
- Bfundamental attribution error.
- Ccorrespondence bias.
- Doverconfidence phenomenon.
56You used to envy your brother because he was always so confident when talking to others. Yet the
older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather
than accurate about things. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the- Aperseverance bias.
- Bfundamental attribution error.
- Ccorrespondence bias.
- Doverconfidence phenomenon.
57Kruger and Dunning (1999) found that those students who scored lowest on tests of grammar and
logic were _______ to overestimating their grammar and logic skills- Aleast prone
- Bmost prone
- Csometimes prone
- Dnever prone
58Each semester you repeatedly underestimate how long it will take you to complete a research paper
that is due at the end of the term. Your behavior is an example of the- Aperseverance bias.
- Bfundamental attribution error.
- Ccorrespondence bias.
- Doverconfidence phenomenon.
59Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?
- AGet people to think about why their judgments might be wrong.
- BDelay feedback regarding the accuracy of their judgments.
- CInform people about the overconfidence bias
- DTell people that there is no remedy for the overconfidence bias.
60One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information
- Afrom experts
- Bthat is objective and factual.
- Cthat involves judging estimates and
comparisons - Dthat might disprove what they believe.
61When we are eager to seek information that verifies our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that
might disprove our beliefs, the _______ has occurred.- Ahindsight bias
- Bconfirmation bias
- Coverconfidence phenomenon
- Dfundamental attribution error
62After 9/11, many people abandoned air travel because of the
- Aavailability heuristic.
- Brepresentativeness heuristic.
- Cconfirmation bias.
- Dplanning fallacy
63Sharon typically watches televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs. She is less
inclined to watch the news on other stations, as it may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon's
approach illustrates the- Aconfirmation bias
- Bmisinformation effect
- Cbase-rate fallacy
- DI-knew-it-all-along
64Which of the following is a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments?
- Aan implicit attitude
- Ban explicit attitude
- Ca heuristic
- Da confirmation bias
65The process of judging something by comparing it to our mental representation of a category uses the
_____ heuristic.- Aavailability
- Brepresentativeness
- Cvividness
- Dmatching
66The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a
particular group because it resembles a typical member is referred to as the _______ heuristic- Aavailability
- Brepresentativeness
- Cvividness
- Dmatching
67On the first day of class, we see a middle-aged man at the front of the room, talking to a younger
man. If we assume the older man is the professor and the younger man is the student, we are relying
on what heuristic?- Aavailability
- Brepresentativeness
- Cvividness
- Dmatching
68Once during a hospital stay, you observed a man and a woman (both in health professional attire)
talking. You assumed that the man was a physician, and that the woman was a nurse. Later, you
found out the opposite was true. What type of heuristic did you use during your initial reaction to the
two individuals?- Aavailability heuristic
- Brepresentativeness heuristic
- Cvividness heuristic
- Dmatching heuristic
69The cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is
called the _____ heuristic.- Aavailability
- Brepresentativeness
- Cvividness
- Dmatching
70Although travelers in the United States are more likely to die in an automobile crash than on a
commercial flight covering the same distance, people often assume that flying is more dangerous
than driving. What type of heuristic are people using when they make this assumption?- Aavailability heuristic
- Brepresentativeness heuristic
- Cvividness heuristic
- Dmatching heuristic
71Assuming most crimes involve violence because the news generally reports on rapes, robberies and
beatings is an example of the _______ heuristic.- AAvailability
- Brepresentativenes
- Cvividness
- Dmaching
72The tendency to imagine alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but did not is
called- Athe base-rate fallacy.
- Bautomatic thinking.
- Creflective bias.
- Dcounterfactual thinking.
73You did not study for your psychology exam. However, you imagine yourself earning a better grade
than the one you actually earned. This is an example of- Aimplicit thinking.
- Bexplicit thinking
- Ccounterfactual thinking.
- Dthe fundamental attribution error.
74After breaking up with your boyfriend, you imagine that you would still be with this person if you had treated him more considerately. This is an example of
- Aimplicit thinking.
- Bexplicit thinking.
- Ccounterfactual thinking
- Dthe fundamental attribution error.
7576. The perception of a relationship where none actually exists, or the perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists, is called
- Aa representative heuristic.
- Ban availability heuristic.
- Can illusory correlation
- Dthe overconfidence phenomenon.
76Counterfactual thinking is more likely when
- Awe are not expecting a favorable outcome.
- Bwe are surprised by favorable results.
- Cwe can easily picture an alternative outcome
- Dthe event is insignificant.
77Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents
- Aa representative heuristic.
- Ban availability heuristic.
- Can illusory correlation.
- Dthe overconfidence phenomenon.
78The idea that chance events are subject to our influence describes
- Aan illusory correlation.
- Bthe illusion of control.
- Ca representative heuristic.
- Dan availability heuristic.
79Research on gambling has found that throwing the dice or spinning the wheel increases people's confidence. This illustrates the
- Aillusory correlation.
- Billusion of control.
- Crepresentative heuristic.
- Davailability heuristic
80The statistical tendency for extreme scores or behaviors to return toward average is called
- Athe regression heuristic.
- Bregression toward the extreme.
- Cregression toward the average.
- Dreversion.
81Although you once earned a 100 on your physics exam, you have subsequently been unable to earn a
perfect score again. Your experience may be understood in terms of- Athe illusory correlation.
- Bregression toward the average.
- Cthe representativeness heuristic.
- Dcounterfactual thinking.
82Research on "mood infusion" found that participants' judgments of their own videotaped behaviors
were more positive if, while they watched the videotape, they were- Ain a good mood.
- Bwith a stranger.
- Cdistracted.
- Ddepressed or anxious.
83A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called
- Aa self-fulfilling prophecy.
- Ba belief confirmation.
- Cself-confirming validity.
- Dbehavioral perseverance.
84Research indicates that happy people
- Athink more rationally.
- Bare more likely to exhibit negative expectations
- Care more trusting, loving, and responsive.
- Dare more susceptive to illusory correlations.
85In a now-famous study, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that randomly selected elementary school students experienced a spurt in IQ score largely as a result of
- Aincreased parental involvement and support.
- Btheir teachers' elevated expectations.
- Cintensified academic training.
- Deducational strategies that raised their selfesteem.
86Murray and his colleagues (2003) found that among married couples, the self-fulfilling prophecy
occurred when one person interpreted slight hurts as rejections. The person who felt rejected was
then motivated to- Avalue their partner for his or her honesty.
- Bvalue their partner yet become distant from him or her.
- Cdevalue their partner but make an effort to become close to him or
her. - Ddevalue their partner and become distant from him or her.
87You attend a party where you do not know anyone, but expect that people will be friendly. You
behave in a warm and sociable manner. Your behavior, in turn, leads to other people being friendly to
you. This situation can best be described as- Athe illusory correlation.
- Bthe representativeness heuristic.
- Cthe availability heuristic.
- Dbehavioral confirmation
88Ridge and Reber (2002) conducted a study in which men were told that job candidates were attracted
to them. The findings revealed that the- Amen were more likely to hire the women.
- Bmen were more likely to perceive the women as being attractive.
- Cwomen perceived the men as being attracted to them.
- Dwomen exhibited more flirtatiousness.
89According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975), if you want young children to put
trash in wastebaskets, you should repeatedly- Atell them that they should be neat and tidy.
- Bcongratulate them for being neat and tidy.
- Ctell them that littering is a crime.
- Dtell them that people who litter are bad.
90Researchers had male students speak by telephone with women they thought were either attractive or
unattractive. When judges later analyzed the women's comments, they found that the- Awomen thought to be attractive spoke more warmly than the other women.
- Bwomen thought to be unattractive tried harder to be likable and stimulated better conversation.
- Cwomen thought to be attractive spoke in a more aloof and superior manner.
- Dwomen thought to be unattractive spoke more slowly and deliberately.
91If you are told that someone you have never met is attracted to you, you will likely
- Abehave toward that person in a way that draws out their flirtatious behavior.
- Bbehave toward that person in a way that causes them to become shy and
withdrawn. - Cfeel little attraction to that person.
- Davoid that person if you can.
92When our expectations lead us to act in ways that induce others to confirm those expectations,
_______ is at work.- Aillusory correlation
- Bcounterfactual thinking
- Cbehavioral confirmation
- Dillusion of control
93In a research study comparing the investment decisions of patients with or without emotion, which
group made the most profitable investment decisions?- AThe patients who had no investment
experience. - BThe patients with emotion.
- CThe patients without emotion.
- DThe patients who had investment experience
- AThe patients who had no investment
94Expectations can often predict behavior because
- Athe expectations are accurate.
- Bthe expectations are a
coincidence. - Cbehavior is easily predicted.
- Dwe are overconfident.
95Researchers investigated the reduction of littering in three high school classrooms. Which class still
showed a reduction in littering two weeks after the study ended?- Athe class that was told that they should be neat and
tidy - Bthe class reprimanded repeatedly for littering
- Cthe class congratulated for being neat and tidy
- Dthe class whose littering was ignored
- Athe class that was told that they should be neat and
Informações
- Descrição
- Social Psychology by David Myers 9th edition test questions
- Autor
- Jade P
- Idioma
- English
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