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GEOM 109 - Lecture Focus 3

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Geography Quiz sobre GEOM 109 - Lecture Focus 3, criado por Maggie Samson em 12-04-2019.
Maggie Samson
Quiz por Maggie Samson, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Maggie Samson
Criado por Maggie Samson aproximadamente 5 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
Which of the following explains why spatial statistics are useful? (select all that apply)
Responda
  • Assists in the process of determining whether or not sample data is inaccurate and incomplete
  • Assists in the process of summarizing large data sets in order to make sense of them
  • Assists in the process of making a decision to decide whether an observed difference in a relationship between two sets of sample data is significant
  • Assists in the process of making inferences to communicate characteristics of a population based on data collected from a sample

Questão 2

Questão
Grouped frequency tables provide an overview of the data set
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 3

Questão
Graphical methods are subjective
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 4

Questão
Numerical summaries mask the detail and sometimes are skewed by outliers
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 5

Questão
Which of the following is used to determine the value around which data are concentrated
Responda
  • Bivariate regression
  • Bivariate correlation
  • Bivariate correlation-regression
  • Measures of Dispersion
  • Measures of Central Tendency

Questão 6

Questão
What are the measures of central tendency? (select all that apply)
Responda
  • Mean
  • Median
  • Mode
  • Standard Deviation

Questão 7

Questão
What are the measures of central tendency dispersion? (select all that apply)
Responda
  • Range
  • Variance
  • Standard Deviation
  • Median

Questão 8

Questão
In relation to the standard normal distribution which of the following is true?
Responda
  • 68% of values fall within +/- 3.00 standard deviations from the mean
  • 68% of values fall within +/- 1.00 standard deviations from the mean
  • 86% of values fall within +/- 2.00 standard deviations from the mean
  • 99% of values fall within +/- 2.00 standard deviations from the mean

Questão 9

Questão
How can Spatial Autocorrelation be illustrated?
Responda
  • What happens at one location depends on what is occurring to other variables at nearby locations
  • What happens at one location depends on what is occurring to same variable at nearby locations

Questão 10

Questão
How can Spatial Correlation be illustrated?
Responda
  • What happens at one location depends on what is occurring to other variables at nearby locations
  • What happens at one location depends on what is occurring to same variable at nearby locations

Questão 11

Questão
[blank_start]Negative spatial autocorrelation[blank_end] occurs when features that are close together are dissimilar in attributes. [blank_start]Positive spatial autocorrelation[blank_end] occurs when features that are close together also have similar attributes. [blank_start]Zero autocorrelation[blank_end] occurs when attributes are independent of location.
Responda
  • Negative spatial autocorrelation
  • Positive spatial autocorrelation
  • Zero autocorrelation
  • Positive spatial autocorrelation
  • Zero autocorrelation
  • Negative spatial autocorrelation
  • Zero autocorrelation
  • Positive spatial autocorrelation
  • Negative spatial autocorrelation

Questão 12

Questão
Which of the following are common measures of spatial autocorrelation? (select all that apply)
Responda
  • Moran's I
  • Regression Analysis
  • Geary's C
  • Getis-Ord General G

Questão 13

Questão
[blank_start]Moran's I Index[blank_end] - Measured how much close objects are in comparison with other close objects [blank_start]Geary's C Index[blank_end] - Compares the variance between small regions or neighbourhoods to the overall variance for the entire data set [blank_start]Getis-Ord General G Index[blank_end] - Measures the concentration of high or low values for a given study area
Responda
  • Moran's I Index
  • Geary's C Index
  • Getis-Ord General G Index

Questão 14

Questão
When features that are close together are dissimilar in attributes this is termed?
Responda
  • Negative spatial autocorrelation
  • Skewed spatial autocorrelation
  • Positive spatial autocorrelation
  • Zero spatial autocorrelation

Questão 15

Questão
Which of the following are descriptive statistics that summarize the character of a population?
Responda
  • G (Getis) Statistics
  • Moran’s I
  • Geary’s C
  • Measures of Central Tendency

Questão 16

Questão
Which of the following are descriptive statistics that summarize the character of a population?
Responda
  • Moran’s I
  • Geary’s C
  • Measures of Dispersion
  • G (Getis) Statistics

Questão 17

Questão
Which of the following are inferential statistics that make an inference in the form of a null hypothesis about a population? (Select all that apply)
Responda
  • Moran's I
  • Measures of Dispersion
  • Geary's C
  • Measures of Central Tendency

Questão 18

Questão
Which of the following is used most frequently for summarizing relationship between two numeric attributes?
Responda
  • Bivariate correlation
  • Bivariate correlation-regression
  • Measures of Central Tendency
  • Measures of Dispersion
  • Bivariate regression

Questão 19

Questão
Which of the following is used to summarize the nature and strength of relationships in data?
Responda
  • Bivariate correlation-regression
  • Bivariate correlation
  • Measures of Dispersion
  • Measures of Central Tendency
  • Bivariate regression

Questão 20

Questão
Which of the following is a parametric measure of the relationship between two sets of interval data values?
Responda
  • Chi-Square Test
  • Spearman Rank for ranked data
  • Geary’s C Index
  • Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient

Questão 21

Questão
Which of the following can be used to test the difference between the observed distribution and one that may have occurred due to chance or probability?
Responda
  • Chi-Square Test
  • Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
  • Geary’s C Index
  • Spearman Rank for ranked data

Questão 22

Questão
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Chi-Square test?
Responda
  • It is a non-parametric test
  • You reject the null hypothesis is your test statistics is greater than the critical value
  • It is a parametric test
  • It compares observed to expected frequencies

Questão 23

Questão
Which of the following can be used to measure the degree to which near and distant things are related?
Responda
  • Spearman Rank for ranked data
  • Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
  • Chi-Square Test
  • Geary’s C Index

Questão 24

Questão
Which of the following can be used to measure the relationship between two sets of ordinal (ranked) values?
Responda
  • Chi-Square Test
  • Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
  • Geary’s C Index
  • Spearman Rank for ranked data

Questão 25

Questão
Which of the following statistical tests was used to assist in the process of integrating hydrological factors and demarcating groundwater prospect zones in the Gangolli basin of Karnataka State, India?
Responda
  • Chi-Square Test
  • Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
  • Regression
  • Spearman Rank for ranked data

Questão 26

Questão
High correlation always indicates a causal relationship
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 27

Questão
When looking at scatter-plot, high correlations indicate a causal relationship
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 28

Questão
When calculating correlation coefficients, a +1 value indicates:
Responda
  • a positive relationship where increasing values of one attribute are associated with increasing values of another attribute
  • a positive relationship where increasing values of one attribute are associated with decreasing values of another attribute
  • a negative relationship where increasing values of one attribute are associated with increasing values of another attribute
  • None of the choices

Questão 29

Questão
Which of the following statistical tests was used to assist in the process of evaluating social stressors and air pollution across New York City communities?
Responda
  • Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
  • Spearman Rank for ranked data
  • Regression
  • Chi-Square Test

Questão 30

Questão
Select from the following choices the true statements about Linear Regression Analysis
Responda
  • One common method is called ordinary least squares (OLS)
  • Common approach for building simple models to analyze geographic processes
  • Used to predict the value of the dependent variable or to determine whether an independent variable in fact influences the dependent variable, and to what extent
  • As with chi-square analysis a pair of values for each feature can be plotted

Questão 31

Questão
Select from the following choices the true statements about Linear Regression Analysis
Responda
  • With all pairs plotted it is possible to see a graphic representation of the relationship
  • As with correlation analysis a pair of values for each feature can be plotted
  • The idea is to find the best fit of a line between the data points on the chart –that line represents the relationship.
  • It is a non-parametric test

Questão 32

Questão
OLS and GWR are both linear methods
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 33

Questão
The regression line is represented using a line of best-fit, where Y is predicted by X
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 34

Questão
The dependent variable represents what you are trying to model, predict, or explain—it is dependent on other factors
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 35

Questão
Select from the following choices the true statements about Ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression
Responda
  • Tests for independence
  • It is a generalized linear modelling technique
  • A common statistical method used to generate predictions or to model a dependent variable in terms of its relationships to a set of explanatory variables
  • Shows the relationship between two variables –the independent variable, x, used to predict, and dependent variable y, which is what we seek to predict

Questão 36

Questão
Select from the following choices the true statements about Ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression
Responda
  • It is a non-parametric test
  • Minimizes the squared distance from the points to the line, measured parallel to the y-axis.
  • Can be applied to single or multiple explanatory variables
  • A form of bivariate regression

Questão 37

Questão
OLS models the relationship between a independent variable (Y) and an explanatory variable (X)
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 38

Questão
Which type of statistical analysis was utilized in the analysis of the influence of social and economic factors on CO2 emissions as a result of energy consumption in the 101 counties of Inner Mongolia’s industrial sector
Responda
  • Spearman Rank for ranked data
  • Geographically Weighted Regression
  • Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
  • Chi-Square Analysis

Questão 39

Questão
Which type of software was utilized in the Global and Local Moran's I test for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of the influence of social and economic factors on CO2 emissions as a result of energy consumption in the 101 counties of Inner Mongolia’s industrial sector
Responda
  • SPSS
  • GeoDA
  • QGIS
  • ArcGIS

Questão 40

Questão
In the GWR analysis of the influence of social and economic factors on CO2 emissions as a result of energy consumption in the 101 counties of Inner Mongolia’s industrial sector the others discovered a relationship between CO2 emissions and five explanatory variables which produced an overall model fit of 99%
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 41

Questão
Which of the following explanatory variables did the authors find to be statistically significant in the CO2 emissions GWR statistical analysis? (select all that apply)
Responda
  • Income
  • Urbanization Rate
  • GDP
  • Industrial Structure
  • Population

Questão 42

Questão
Residuals represent the error between predicted value of Y and explanatory variable
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 43

Questão
A statistical result of regression analysis that shows what percentage of the variation in the dependent variable is being explained by the independent variables
Responda
  • Aikake’s Information Criterion (AIC)
  • Coefficient
  • Adjusted R-Squared
  • Jarque-Bera statistic

Questão 44

Questão
A statistical result of regression analysis that can be used to compare other models that are using the same dependent variable. The lower this number is, the better.
Responda
  • Coefficient
  • Aikake’s Information Criterion (AIC)
  • Jarque-Bera statistic
  • Adjusted R-Squared

Questão 45

Questão
A value associated with each independent variable in a regression equation, representing the strength and type of relationship the independent variable has to the dependent
Responda
  • Variable Inflation Factor (VIF)
  • Coefficient
  • Jarque-Bera statistic
  • Adjusted R-Squared

Questão 46

Questão
A test that indicates whether the residuals (the observed/known dependent variable values minus the predicted/estimated values) are normally distributed with a mean of zero.
Responda
  • Coefficient
  • Jarque-Bera statistic
  • Koenker statistic
  • Variable Inflation Factor (VIF)

Questão 47

Questão
A test to determine whether the explanatory variables in the model have a consistent relationship to the dependent variable both in geographic space and in data space.
Responda
  • Koenker statistic
  • Variable Inflation Factor (VIF)
  • Jarque-Bera statistic
  • Coefficient

Questão 48

Questão
A measure of variable redundancy and can help you decide which variables can be removed from your model without jeopardizing the model.
Responda
  • Coefficient
  • Residual
  • Adjusted R-Squared
  • Variable Inflation Factor (VIF)

Questão 49

Questão
Differences between actual observed values and predicted values
Responda
  • Variable Inflation Factor (VIF)
  • Residual
  • Coefficient
  • Adjusted R-Squared

Questão 50

Questão
In Linear Regression when a variable has strong explanatory power in a region but is insignificant or even switches signs in another region it is referred to as:
Responda
  • Spatially autocorrelated residuals
  • Inconsistent variance
  • Nonstationarity
  • Multicollinearity

Questão 51

Questão
In Linear Regression when there is spatial clustering of the under-/over predictions coming out of the model, it introduces an over counting type of bias and renders the model unreliable that is referred to as:
Responda
  • Inconsistent variance
  • Spatially autocorrelated residuals
  • Nonstationarity
  • Multicollinearity

Questão 52

Questão
In Linear Regression when the model predicts well for small values of the dependent variable but becomes unreliable for large values this is referred to as:
Responda
  • Inconsistent variance
  • Spatially autocorrelated residuals
  • Nonstationarity
  • Multicollinearity

Questão 53

Questão
In Linear Regression when one or a combination of explanatory variables is redundant this is referred to as:
Responda
  • Spatially autocorrelated residuals
  • Inconsistent variance
  • Nonstationarity
  • Multicollinearity

Questão 54

Questão
In Linear Regression when relationships between your dependent and explanatory variables are inconsistent across your study area, computed standard errors will be artificially inflated. This is referred to as:
Responda
  • Multicollinearity
  • Inconsistent variance
  • Nonstationarity
  • Spatially autocorrelated residuals

Questão 55

Questão
When key explanatory variables are missing from a regression model, coefficients and their associated p-values cannot be trusted.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 56

Questão
Residuals should exhibit a normal distribution
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 57

Questão
Influential outliers can pull modeled regression relationships away from their true best fit, biasing regression coefficients
Responda
  • True
  • False

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