Quiz
Advanced Stats
Crie uma conta grátis para terminar este quiz
Salve seu progresso e veja sua nota final.
Já tem uma conta? Inicie sessão
Perguntas do quiz (87)
1You have decided to investigate the following research hypothesis:
“Consumption of carbohydrates induces drowsiness”
Which of the following treatment conditions could you use to test this hypothesis?- ALow-carbohydrate meal and high-carbohydrate meal
- BSleep-deprived state and well rested state
- CBusy schedule and free schedule
- DNone of the above treatment conditions are appropriate
2In the experiment in which you are trying to determine whether carbohydrates induce drowsiness, which of the following would be an appropriate response measure to record?
- ATime taken for participants to eat next meal
- BNumber of hours slept by participants the night of the experiment
- CTime that participants go to sleep the night of the experiment
- DProportion of participants that fall asleep in two hours after experimental meal consumption
3The variable being tested is the...
- AIndependent variable
- BDependent variable
4The variable being measured is the...
- AIndependent variable
- BDependent variable
5__________ represents variation in terms of an amount.
- AQuantitative variables
- BQualitative variables
- CClassification variables
6__________ represent variations in kind or type.
- AQuantitative variables
- BQualitative variables
- CClassification variables
7___________ represent variations that are intrinsic to the subjects of the experiment.
- AQuantitative variables
- BQualitative variables
- CClassification variables
8As opposed to quantitative variables, which can be numerically measured, qualitative independent variables might be variations in type or strategy. Which of the following might be a qualitative variable for our carbohydrate drowsiness experiment?
- AA) Number of grams of carbohydrates in meal consumed
- BB) Meal consumed (e.g. pasta, fish fillet, control)
- CC) Period of day that meal is consumed (e.g. morning, afternoon)
- DD) Both B & C are qualitative variables
9If you are unable to control the temperature of the labs (for example, the temperature is centrally controlled and you cannot modify it), what would be the next step?
- AGive participants in the cold room warm clothing and make participants in warm room wear light clothing
- BConduct the experiment at night when the body is less sensitive to temperature differences
- CRandomly allocate participants from both treatment conditions to both rooms
- DAbandon the experiment until you can control for temperature
10If a _________ variable is not controlled for, it then becomes a ____________ variable.
- ANuisance, Confounding
- BConfounding, Nuisance
- CIndependent, dependent
- DDependent, independent
11Independent variables which, if left uncontrolled, could exert a systematic influence on the different treatment conditions are known as ___________.
- AConfounding variables
- BNuisance variables
12We have seen how a completely randomised design (or a between-groups design) can be used to control for the effect of external nuisance variables. However, what if the nuisance variable is intrinsic to participants, i.e. some people are much sleepier than others? What would be a way to control for the nuisance variable in this scenario?
- AUse a between-groups design and hope that you have equal proportions of different types of people in each group
- BUse a design where every individual goes through all treatment conditions, so that individual differences become a non-factor
- CIntrinsic nuisance variables such as individual differences cannot be controlled for by experimental design manipulations
13A randomised block design is also known as ____________.
- ARepeated-measures/within-subjects design
- BBetween groups design
14A completely randomised design is also know as __________.
- AWithin-groups design
- BBetween-groups design
15Affect refers to
- AChange
- BResult
16Effect refers to _______.
- AChange
- BResult
17Statistical hypothesis refers to
- AA general experimental statement about the assumed nature of the world.
- BA set of precise hypotheses about the parameters of the different treatment conditions.
18Research hypothesis refers to
- AGeneral experimental statement about the assumed nature of the world.
- BA set of precise hypotheses about the parameters of the different treatment conditions.
19Which hypothesis is tested.
- ANull hypothesis
- BAlternative/Research hypothesis
20When comparing two sample means and deciding whether they come from the same population or not, you can make some errors.
From your experiment, you conclude that there is a significant difference between the two sample means and therefore, they are not from the same population. If you have made an error here and the two samples are in reality from the same population, which kind of error have you made?- AType I error
- BType II error
- CExperimental error
- DNormalized error
21When comparing two sample means and deciding whether they come from the same population or not, you can make some errors.
From your experiment, you conclude that there is no significant difference between the two sample means and therefore, they are from the same population. If you have made an error here and the two samples are in reality from different populations, which kind of error have you made?- AType I error
- BType II error
- CExperimental error
- DNormalized error
22Which of the following is correct?
- AA) Type I error = false negative
- BB) Type I error = false positive
- CC) Type II error = false negative
- DD) Type II error = false positive
- EBoth A & D are correct
- FBoth B & C are correct
23If you were looking at a brain scan and trying to determine whether there is a tumour present or not, which type of error would you be more willing to accept?
- AType I error
- BType II error
- CBoth type I and type II errors
- DMeasurement error
24α is the probability of committing a type I error. β is the probability of committing a type II error. Statistical power is the probability of detecting a genuine effect. Which of the following relationships is correct?
- AStatistical power = β – α
- BStatistical power = α – β
- CStatistical power = β
- DStatistical power = 1 – β
- Eα = statistical power – β
25In a hypothetical experiment, we decide to relax the level of α from .05 to .10. As a result, the probability of D declines from .40 to .22. Did the statistical power of the test, as a result of relaxing the type I error criteria, increase or decrease? What is the new statistical power of the test?
- AIncrease; .90
- BIncrease; .78
- CDecrease; .90
- DDecrease; .78
26What is a way to increase the statistical power of the test without increasing the type I error rate?
- AReduce the value of β
- BIncrease the value of α
- CIncrease the sample size of the experiment
- DDecrease the sample size of the experiment
- EStatistical power cannot be increased without affecting the type I error rate
27Which of the following statements are true about the normal distribution?
- AA) The normal distribution can also be referred to as a ‘bell curve’
- BB) In a normal distribution, the most common value (mode) is the same as the median and mean values for that distribution
- CC) Most commonly used statistical analyses assume that the data are distributed according to a normal distribution
- DD) A normal distribution has a positive skew
- EStatements A, B & C are true
- FAll of the above statements are true
28A normal distribution has a skew of
- A1
- B-1
- C0
29Most parametric statistical techniques assume that a population is ___________.
- ANormally distributed
- BPositively Skewed
- CNegatively Skewed
30In a negative skew, what is the order of values from highest to lowest.
- AMean, Median, Mode
- BMedian, Mean, Mode
- CMode, Median, Mean
31In a negative skew, what is the order of values from highest to lowest.
- AMode, Median, Mean
- BMedian, Mode, Mean
- CMean, Median, Mode
32Which of these is an appropriate order of procedure for ‘the scientific method’?
- AA) Test hypothesis -> analyse data -> formulate predictions -> draw conclusion
- BB) Formulate predictions -> test hypothesis -> analyse data -> draw conclusion
- CC) Formulate hypothesis -> formulate predictions -> test hypothesis -> draw conclusion
- DBoth A & C are correct
- EBoth B & C are correct
33What sets science apart from pseudoscience or non-scientific beliefs?
- AScience can be proved empirically
- BScience is falsifiable
- CBoth of the above are true
34In a scientific experiment, what are you primarily doing?
- ATrying to find a significant difference between conditions
- BTesting whether the alternative hypothesis, which states that all of the conditions of the experiment are not equal, is true or not
- CTesting whether the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference amongst treatment conditions, is true or not
35Karl Popper states that a science must ___________.
- ABe Falsifiable
- BParadigm Shifts
36Thomas Kuhn states that a key aspect of science is __________.
- AParadigm Shifts
- BFalsifiable
37The renowned astronomer and astrophysicist, Carl Sagan, remarked that “science is different from many other human enterprises”. In what way did he remark that science was different?
- AA) Scientists are not influenced by the culture in which they learn their skills.
- BB) Unlike other human enterprises, scientists are sometimes right and sometimes wrong.
- CC) Scientists have a passion for framing testable hypotheses to confirm or deny ideas.
- DD) Scientists regularly show willingness to abandon ideas that have been found empirically wanting.
- EC & D
- FA & B
38The simpler hypothesis that relies on the lowest number of unsupported propositions is the one to be chosen is known as _____________.
- AHypothesis testing
- BFalsification
- COccam's Razor
39You should now have an understanding of what is and what is not science. Here is a slightly more subjective question. What is typically construed as “good science”, i.e. good scientific work?
- AHaving an interesting and relevant experimental question
- BDeveloping an interesting hypothesis or theory
- CHaving powerful and statistically sound methodology
- DConducting thorough and careful data collection and analysis
- EReporting interesting findings
- FAll of the above
40How is academic impact of research measured?
- AA) Number of publications
- BB) Quality of publications
- CA & B
41Duty or rights-based ethics , where actions are considered right or wrong depending on whether they are consistent with the duties of the agent and the rights of those affected by the actions, is known as?
- AConsequentialist Ethics
- BDeontological Ethics
42Outcome-based ethics,m whereby actions are considered right or wrong following the weighing of their positive and negative outcomes, is known as?
- ADeontological ethics
- BConsequentialist Ethics
43Which of the following are research ethics principles laid out in the Nuremberg Code? We adhere to these research principles as part of ethical scientific practice even today. Note: there are multiple correct answer choices.
- AA) Required is the voluntary, well-informed, understanding consent of the human subject in a full legal capacity
- BB) The experiment should result in a positive result for the human subject, such as a financial benefit for taking part
- CC) The experiment should be set up in a way that avoids unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injuries
- DD) Experimental procedures must be scheduled at a time that is convenient to the human subject
- EE) Preparations and facilities must be provided that adequately protect the human subjects against the experiment’s risks
- FF) The human subjects must be free to immediately quit the experiment at any point when they feel physically or mentally unable to go on
- GA & B
- HA, C, E, F
- IA, B, C, E, F
44What is the way in which researchers can use deception, whilst still obtaining informed consent.
- AUse a debrief
- BUse payment as incentive for the risk.
45Which of the following is true of research involving non-human animals? Note: there may be more than one correct answer choice
- AA) Psychological research involves the study of non-human animals in understanding behavioural or cognitive mechanisms, or the neurobiological mechanisms of behaviour
- BB) Sometimes, non-human animals are used because ethical considerations rule out the possibility of conducting such research on humans
- CC) Non-human animals used in experiments must be evolutionarily as close to humans as possible
- DD) Researchers must justify the number of non-human animals used in the study, with the minimum number possible used
- EE) Purely observational research in the wild does not have to undergo ethical review
- FF) The use of highly sentient non-human animals must be limited wherever possible
- GAll of the above
- HA, B & F
- IA, B, D, & F
46What is a situation in which a conflict of interest would arise?
- AA) When a researcher may financially benefit from a specific research outcome
- BB) When a researcher is reviewing a grant proposal or manuscript that is very similar to one that they are working on themselves
- CC) When a peer-reviewer has a personal relationship with a manuscript author or grant applicant
- DD) When a researcher studies the same area of research as that of a proposal that they are reviewing
- EA, B, and C are situations where conflicts of interest would arise
- FAll of the above are situations where conflicts of interest would arise
47When we are running analyses for correlation, what are we interested in?
- AA) The relationship between variables
- BB) The strength of association between variables
- CC) The directionality of the relationship between variables
- DD) The distance between different categories of variables
- EA, B, & C
- FAll of the above
48For a correlation analysis, what is the starting assumption being tested?
- AA) That there is no relationship between the variables
- BB) That the population correlation coefficient, rho (ρ) = 0
- CC) That the relationship between the two variables is a linear relationship
- DBoth A & B
- EAll of the above
49The degree to which scores vary along the mean is known as?
- AVariance
- BCorrelation
- CMean
- DAverage
50When are you likely to have a significant correlation between variables?
- AWhen the best-fit line is the same as the mean for one of the variables
- BWhen the best-fit line is the same as the mean for both of the variables
- CWhen the best-fit line does not match the mean for either of the variables
51If the best-fit line between two variables is the same as the mean, then this means?
- AThere is no correlation at all (r = 0)
- BThere is a weak correlation
- CThere is a moderate correlation
52In a perfect positive correlation...
- A1
- B0
- C-1
53Knowing covariance by itself is not enough to tell you whether two variables are correlated or not. Why is that?
- ACovariance does not tell you how much two variables vary with respect to each other
- BCovariance does not work as a measure when variables are negatively correlated with each other
- CKnowing how much two variables vary with respect to each other is meaningless without knowing how much variation there is within each of the variables themselves
54A moderate correlation is...
- A.30 - .49
- B.50 - .99
- C.10 - .29
- D.09 - 0
55A weak correlation is?
- A.10 - .29
- B.30 - .49
- C.50 - .99
56A strong correlation is?
- A.00 - .29
- B.30 - .49
- C.10 - .29
- D.50 - .99
57Remember that you are always testing the null hypothesis. In a correlation test, the null hypothesis states that there is no difference between two variables. In which of the following situations would you decide to KEEP the null hypothesis and NOT reject it in favour of the alternative hypothesis?
- Ar = .87
- Br = .33
- Cr = .07
- DImpossible to state with the information given
58If your data is ordinal (ranked) can you use Pearson's correlation coefficient?
- AYes
- BNo
59Pearson's correlation coefficient is only used for ________.
- AParametric data
- BNon-parametric data
60If r-squared between 2 variables is .79, then which of the following is true?
- AThere is a significant, moderately positive correlation between variables 1 and 2
- BVariable 1 accounted for 10.5% of the variance in variable 2
- CVariable 1 accounted for 79% of the variance in variable 2
- DNone of the above
61________ explains the proportion of variance in one variable as a result of the other variable.
- Ar/Correlation Coefficient
- BR2/Coefficient of Determination
62One of the assumptions for a Pearson’s correlation is that the data must be parametric, and must be distributed on an interval or ratio scale. In other words, the magnitude of the differences between the data points must be known. Which of the following measures would satisfy this assumption for a Pearson’s correlation? Note: more than one answer may be correct, select all that apply
- AAmount of fruits consumed in kilograms / week
- BAmbient temperature in degrees Celsius
- CStudents’ class final exam scores
- DStudents’ numerical rank in class
- EStudent satisfaction expressed in a Likert-type scale ranging from ‘strongly disagree’ to ‘strongly agree’
- FA & B
- GA, B, & C
- HAll of the above
63If you are running a partial correlation to determine the relationship between ‘mindfulness’ and ‘openness to experience’ whilst controlling for the effect of ‘empathy’ scores, of what order is your partial correlation?
- AZero Order
- BFirst Order
- CSecond Order
64The simple correlation coefficient (r) has a ____________.
- AZero Order
- BFirst Order
65_____________ are used to determine what the relationship is between two variables once the effect of other variables have been removed or accounted for.
- ACorrelations
- BRegressions
- CPartial Correlations
- DLinear Regressions
66A simple correlation coefficient has a _________.
- AZero Order
- BFirst Order
67__________ are used to determine what the relationship is between two variables once the effect of other variables have been removed or accounted for.
- AMultiple regressions
- BLinear regressions
- CPartial correlations
68If data does not meet the assumptions about the parameters of the population from which the data is drawn, then _______________ are used.
- AParametric Tests
- BNon-Parametric Tests
69What are some of the assumptions of parametric tests that you have learned about like ANOVA?
- AA) Samples must be drawn from a population that is normally distributed
- BB) Variances must be homogeneous across conditions
- CC) The data must be on an ordinal (i.e. ranked) scale
- DBoth A & B are true
- EAll of the above are true
70Which level of measurement are require to meet the assumptions of parametric tests?
- AOrdinal/Nominal Data
- BInterval/Ratio Data
71What is a non-parametric alternative to a one-way ANOVA?
- AKruskal-Wallis
- BFriedman
- CAll of the above
72Which of the following is true about the Kruskal-Wallis test?
- AIt tests an alternative hypothesis that the distribution of ranks is significantly different across all three conditions
- BIt tests a null hypothesis that the distribution of ranks is not significantly different across all three conditions
- CIt tests an alternative hypothesis that the mood scores are significantly different across all three conditions
- DIt tests a null hypothesis that the mood scores are not significantly different across all three conditions
73Most ___________ involve ranking the raw data first, the test is then carried out on the ranks.
- AParametric tests
- BNon-Parametric Tests
74Why rank raw data?
- ARanks eliminate or reduce the effects of extreme values.
- BWe know certain properties of ranks, which simplifies calculations.
- CAll of the above
- DNone of the above
75A non-parametric equivalent for an ANOVA is...
- AFreidman
- BKruskal-Willis
76What is used to rank non-parametric data?
- AMann-Whitney U Test
- BKruskal-Wallis Test
- CFreidman Test
77_____________ is the non-parametric equivalent of a one way repeated measures ANOVA.
- AKruskal-Wallis
- BFriedman Test
78What is the Post-Hoc test for Kruskal-Wallis?
- APairwise comparisons using Mann-Whitney Test
- BPairwise comparisons using Friedman Test
- CNone of the above
79The post hoc for the Friedman test is?
- APairwise comparisons, using Mann-Whitney Tests
- BPairwise Comparisons, using Wilcoxon Tests
80Typically, when ANOVA fails, it fails gracefully with a __________.
- AType I Error
- BType II Error
81We have primarily covered experimental research so far this semester. What is a critical demarcation criteria that differentiates experimental and quasi-experimental / non-experimental research in psychology?
- ARandom allocation of participants to variables
- BFalsifiability of the research
- CCounterbalancing of the research design
- DNone of the above
82The type of research methods for naturally occurring treatment groups is known as _________.
- AExperimental
- BNon-Experimental
- CQuasi-Experimental
83A Likert scale consists of?
- A3 ranked options
- B5 ranked options
- C7 ranked options
- D5 or 7 ranked options
- E3 or 5 ranked options
84Which of the following are principles that should be followed in designing questionnaires? Select all answers that apply
- AA) Questionnaire items should be generalised broadly rather than focused on a topic
- BB) Questionnaire items should be clear and succinct
- CC) The writing of questions needs to be ‘posh’ in order to reflect a high academic standard
- DD) Questionnaire items should be pre-tested with a pilot group and revised if necessary
- EAll of the above
- FA & B
- GB & D
85Open ended questions is primarily used in _____________.
- AQualitative Research
- BQuantitative Research
86Which measure of validity states that a test should measure all facets of the phenomena/theory being investigated?
- AFace validity
- BContent validity
- CPredictive validity
- DFaith validity
87__________ is used to emasure internal consistency.
- AR2
- Br
- CChronbach's Alpha
Informações
- Descrição
- Quiz sobre Advanced Stats, criado por Matt Liptrot em 28-04-2019.
- Autor
- Matt Liptrot
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 1
- Avaliação
- Ainda sem avaliações Avalie este quiz