Questão 1
Questão
Shoot & root are the two types of [blank_start]organ[blank_end] systems in plants
Questão 2
Questão
The shoot system consists of [blank_start]stems[blank_end] which transport water & nutrients and provide support and [blank_start]leaves[blank_end] which are responsible for photosynthesis & gas exchange
Questão 3
Questão
Stem system
[blank_start]Axillary buds[blank_end]: contain potential to develop into a branch and are controlled by terminal bud
[blank_start]Nodes[blank_end]: where leaves attach to a stem & axillary buds develop
[blank_start]Apical bud/shoot apical meristem[blank_end]: where new shoot system cells are produced, allowing plant to grow upwards
[blank_start]Internodes[blank_end]: stem areas that elongate to spread leaves apart & optimize exposure to sunlight
Questão 4
Questão
Leaves
Leaf cells are rich in light-harvesting [blank_start]chlorophyll[blank_end] pigment
Composed of a flat, thin [blank_start]blade[blank_end] responsible for capturing sunlight that are webbed with [blank_start]veins[blank_end] that act as internal plumbing
Covered in waxy [blank_start]cuticle[blank_end] to prevent drying
Have pores called [blank_start]stomata[blank_end] on surface responsible for capturing CO2 and releasing oxygen
Leaf blades are often attached to main stem via a thin, sturdy [blank_start]petiole[blank_end] responsible for holding blade upright
Responda
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chlorophyll
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blade
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veins
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cuticle
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stomata
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strobili
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pectin
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nodes
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petiole
Questão 5
Questão
Another word for leaf arrangement is [blank_start]phyllotaxy[blank_end]
Questão 6
Questão
Label the types of leaf arrangement
Responda
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Basal
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Alternate
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Opposite
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Whorled
Questão 7
Questão
Leaf form
There are two forms of [blank_start]broad[blank_end] leaves differentiated by the way the leaf [blank_start]blade[blank_end] (also called lamina or the widest portion of the leaf) is divided
[blank_start]Simple[blank_end]: undivided blades
[blank_start]Compound[blank_end]: blades fully divide into leaflets separated along one or more veins
[blank_start]Needles[blank_end] are the third form that differ from broad leaf types
Responda
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broad
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blade
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Simple
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Compound
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Needles
Questão 8
Questão
Compound leaves can be [blank_start]pinnately[blank_end] (leaflets on both sides of the petiole) or [blank_start]palmately[blank_end] (radiating from a single point of the petiole) divided
Questão 9
Questão
Select all that are true for needles
Responda
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Type of broad leaf
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Seperated along secondary vein
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Large amount of light-absorptive surface area
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Leaf type of evergreens
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Leaf type of deciduous plants
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Can last several years
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Only last one growing season
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Have a metabolic advantage over deciduous plants
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Have a metabolic disadvantage over deciduous plants
Questão 10
Questão
[blank_start]Deciduous[blank_end] is the type of tree comprised of broad leaves
Questão 11
Questão
Leaf [blank_start]venation[blank_end]: provide transportation of water & nutrients
Leaf [blank_start]margin[blank_end]: makes it easier for wind to carry away heat and water vapor
Leaf [blank_start]shape[blank_end]: help with temperature regulation, water loss, or light absorption
Responda
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venation
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margin
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shape
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needles
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parenchyma
Questão 12
Questão
Leaf venation
[blank_start]Parallel[blank_end] venation (all veins running in the same direction) is usually found in [blank_start]monocots[blank_end]
[blank_start]Reticulate[blank_end] venation (veins forming a net-like webbing) is usually found in [blank_start]dicots[blank_end]
[blank_start]Pinnate[blank_end] - single midrib and secondary veins branching off at intervals
[blank_start]Palmate[blank_end] - primary veins radiate from a single point near base
Responda
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Parallel
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Reticulate
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monocots
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dicots
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Pinnate
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Palmate
Questão 13
Questão
Leaf margins
[blank_start]Entire[blank_end] - smooth, complete edge
[blank_start]Lobed[blank_end] - indentation of the edge towards the midrib
[blank_start]Toothed[blank_end] - saw-like edge with small teeth
Questão 14
Questão
Leaf shape
[blank_start]Long[blank_end] leaves help with temperature regulation, good for [blank_start]hot[blank_end] conditions
[blank_start]Thin[blank_end] leaves help prevent water loss, good for [blank_start]dry[blank_end] conditions
[blank_start]Large, broad[blank_end] leaves harvest lots of light, good for [blank_start]gloomy[blank_end] conditions
Responda
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Long
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Thin
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Large, broad
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hot
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dry
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gloomy
Questão 15
Questão
Long term changes are called [blank_start]adaptations[blank_end] while short term changes are called [blank_start]plasticity[blank_end]
Questão 16
Questão
Leaves that receive lots of sunlight tend to be [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] with [blank_start]complex[blank_end] edges
Leaves in more shaded environments are usually [blank_start]larger[blank_end] with [blank_start]less-complex[blank_end] edges
Responda
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smaller
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larger
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complex
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less-complex
Questão 17
Questão
Leaf surface types
[blank_start]Glabrous[blank_end] - smooth; help encourage shedding [blank_start]water[blank_end] to prevent interference with light capture or gas exchange - wet environment
[blank_start]Pubescent[blank_end] - hairy; help insulate the leaf in cold or heat, prevent excessive water loss and provide [blank_start]UV[blank_end] protection under high light - arid environment
Responda
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Glabrous
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water
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Pubescent
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UV
Questão 18
Questão
[blank_start]Roots[blank_end]: uptake of water/nutrients, anchorage, [blank_start]storage[blank_end]
[blank_start]Stems[blank_end]: support plant, [blank_start]transfer nutrients/water[blank_end]
[blank_start]Leaves[blank_end]: photosynthesis, [blank_start]gas exchange[blank_end]
Responda
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Roots
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storage
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Stems
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transfer nutrients/water
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Leaves
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gas exchange
Questão 19
Questão
Roots absorb water at tips through [blank_start]root hairs[blank_end]
[blank_start]Root apical meristems[blank_end] are where new root cells are produced so roots can grow downward
[blank_start]Coarse[blank_end] roots provide stability, storage, [blank_start]transport[blank_end], exhibit branching
[blank_start]Fine[blank_end] roots are responsible for water and nutrient [blank_start]uptake[blank_end] due to highly permeable membranes
Responda
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root hairs
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Root apical meristems
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Coarse
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Fine
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transport
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uptake
Questão 20
Questão
Root systems
[blank_start]Fibrous[blank_end] roots - where the primary root is replaced by a mass of roots developing from stem base & helps with water and mineral absorption and stabilization
[blank_start]Adventitious[blank_end] roots - develop from shoot system, [blank_start]can be above or underground[blank_end], increase stability and allow plant to reproduce asexually
[blank_start]Tap[blank_end] roots - single, stout, primary root growing from stem base with thinner lateral roots growing from it, is best for [blank_start]anchorage[blank_end] & accessing [blank_start]deep sources of water[blank_end]
Questão 21
Questão
Root architecture
In well-drained uplands, roots [blank_start]grow deep to reach rainwater[blank_end]
In waterlogged lowlands, roots [blank_start]stay shallow[blank_end]
Questão 22
Questão
Label parts of leaf
Responda
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Tip
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Midrib
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Margin
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Vein
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Petiole
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Blade
Questão 23
Questão
Select all the abiotic factors
Responda
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Fungi
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Inorganic nutrients
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Soil
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Other plants
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Wind
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Bacteria
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Sunlight
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Temperature
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Water
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Animals
Questão 24
Questão
[blank_start]Biotic[blank_end] factors are the living things in an ecosystem
Questão 25
Questão
Root modifications
Storage
[blank_start]Root tubers[blank_end] are adventitious or tap roots with increased storage capacity that can protect from cold damage
Aeration
[blank_start]Pneumatophores[blank_end] are air-breathing roots that grow vertically upwards from submerged roots typically found in swampy areas
Support
[blank_start]Buttress roots[blank_end] are huge, wedge-shaped portions of roots that give support in soft, wet soil
[blank_start]Prop roots[blank_end] serve are adventitious roots that arise some distance up the stem growing downward to ground and offer support
[blank_start]Floating roots[blank_end] are spongy adventitious roots with large air pockets that help keep a plant buoyant in aquatic environment
[blank_start]Climbing roots[blank_end] are adventitious roots that emerge from the stem in contact with a supportive surface
Absorption
[blank_start]Epiphytic roots[blank_end] are hanging aerial roots covered by a thin greyish layer of tissue known as velamen that can absorb moisture from air
[blank_start]Parasitic roots[blank_end] are used to penetrate tissue of their host plant and absorb food and moisture
[blank_start]Nodules[blank_end] are small structures forming along roots that house nitrogen-fixing bacteri
Responda
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Root tubers
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Pneumatophores
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Buttress roots
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Prop roots
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Floating roots
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Climbing roots
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Epiphytic roots
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Parasitic roots
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Nodules
Questão 26
Questão
Storage
[blank_start]Stem tubers[blank_end] are swollen, underground stems with small depressions called eyes where a node with one or more buds occurs
[blank_start]Rhizome[blank_end] is a non-green, horizontal stem growing at or below soil surface
[blank_start]Corms[blank_end] are condensed forms of rhizomes growing in vertical direction
[blank_start]Bulbs[blank_end] are short, disc like stems with thick scale leaves surrounding terminal bud on top side and a cluster of adventitious shoots arising from bottom
[blank_start]Cladodes[blank_end] are thickened green stems swollen with water-storing tissue
Protection
[blank_start]Thorns[blank_end] are modified short branches grown from axillary buds
[blank_start]Prickles[blank_end] are not a full stem modification but come from the epidermal tissue of the internode
Support
[blank_start]Twiners[blank_end] are stems of vines and are modified to be thin and flexible
[blank_start]Tendrils[blank_end] are short branches that are modified into thread (spiral)-like, leafless structures that are meant for climbing
Reproduction
[blank_start]Runners and stolons[blank_end] are creeping stems with long internodes that run horizontally above soil surface
[blank_start]Bulbils[blank_end] are modified vegetative flowers or buds with stored food that help a plant reproduce asexually
Responda
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Stem tubers
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Rhizome
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Corms
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Bulbs
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Cladodes
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Thorns
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Prickles
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Twiners
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Tendrils
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Runners and stolons
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Bulbils
Questão 27
Questão
Storage
[blank_start]Succulent leaves[blank_end] are thick leaves that provide ample water storage during drought
Protection
[blank_start]Spines[blank_end] are modified leaves or parts of leaves that have become woody, sharp, non-photosynthetic
[blank_start]Leaf hairs[blank_end] are projections of epidermis and can vary in shape and how thickly they cover leaf surface
Support
[blank_start]Leaf tendrils[blank_end] look similar to stem tendrils and serve the same function, they next to distinct nodes and won't have any small scale-like leaves next to them
[blank_start]Floating leaves[blank_end] provide buoyancy for aquatic plants via large air-filled cavities occurring in leaf or in petiole
Reproduction
[blank_start]Bracts[blank_end] are brightly colored leaves occurring next to small, nondescript flowers that play the role of petals in attracting pollinators
[blank_start]Reproductive leaves[blank_end] have ability to form tiny plant clones at edges of their leaves from adventitious buds similar to bulbils
Nutrient acquisition
[blank_start]Carnivorous leaves[blank_end] are modified to form a trap that catches insects or small animals and then digests them using special enzymes
[blank_start]Cupped leaves[blank_end] are rosettes of smooth textured leaves that collect water in their center
Responda
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Succulent leaves
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Spines
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Leaf hairs
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Leaf tendrils
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Floating leaves
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Bracts
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Reproductive leaves
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Carnivorous leaves
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Cupped leaves
Questão 28
Questão
Root modifications [blank_start]lack nodes, leaves, and buds[blank_end]
Stem modifications [blank_start]have nodes, internodes, and buds[blank_end]
Leaf modifications [blank_start]lack nodes, buds, and adventitious roots[blank_end]
Responda
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lack nodes, leaves, and buds
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have nodes, internodes, and buds
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lack nodes, buds, and adventitious roots
Questão 29
Questão
Label the modifications
Questão 30
Questão
Label the modifications
Questão 31
Questão
Label the modifications
Questão 32
Questão
Label the modifications
Questão 33
Questão
Label the modifications
Questão 34
Questão
Label parts of a stem
Responda
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Node
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internode
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apical bud
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lateral bud
Questão 35
Questão
Label types of leaf venation