Quiz
Spinal cord and sensory part of nervous system
Perguntas do quiz (72)
1Functions of sensory systems; choose WRONG
- AMonitor the internal and external environment
- BTransmits signals from CNS to periphery
- CControl of movement
- DTransmits peripheral signal to CNS for processing
- ERegulation of internal organs
2Which of these are sensory input under general (somatic) sensation?
- ATouch
- BPain
- CVision
- DHearing
3Which of these are sensory input under general (somatic) sensation?
- ASmell
- BThermal sensation
- CProprioception
- DTaste
4Which of these are NOT sensory input under special sensation?
- AVision
- BHearing
- CTaste
- DPain
- ESmell
5What is true about the senses?
- AGeneral senses have receptors distributed over a large part of the body
- BGeneral senses have receptors within specific organs
- CGeneral senses located in skin, muscle and joints are somatic (touch, pain, temp, etc..)
- DGeneral senses located in internal organs are visceral (pain and pressure)
- EBalance is not a special sense
6Stages of sensation; choose proper order
- AStimulation, Perception, Transduction, Transmission
- BStimulation, Transmission, Perception, Transduction
- CStimulation, Transduction, Transmission, Perception
- DStimulation, Transmission, Transduction, Perception
7Receptor types choose correct
- ASomatic and olfactory senses reception is through secondary sensory neurons
- BGeneral secondary receptors release neurotransmitter that bind to a neuron that transmits info to brain
- CSpecial secondary receptors release neurotransmitter that bind to a neuron that transmits info to brain
- DIn taste, hearing, sight and balance it is through specialized epithelial receptor cells - secondary receptor.
8Choose correct match of location and receptor
- AExteroreceptors - associated with skin
- BProprioceptors - associated with joints, tendons, muscle, vestibular system
- CVisceroreceptors - associated with organs
- DExteroreceptors - associated with organs
9Choose correct receptor with the type of activation.
- ANociceptors - respond to changes in temperature
- BThermoreceptors - extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli. Pain sensation
- CMechanoreceptors: compression, bending, stretching of cells. Touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing, and balance sensation
- DChemoreceptors - chemicals become attached to receptors on their membranes. Smell and taste sensation
- EPhotoreceptors - respond to light. Vision
10Division of sensation; choose WRONG
- APROPRIOCEPTION – profound
- BEKSTEROCEPTION – superficial
- CINTEROCEPTION – special
- DTELECEPTION – visceral
11Which of these are not an attribute of stimulus
- AModality (type of sensation; touch, pain)
- BLocation
- CIntensity
- DTiming - When stimuli starts
- EReflex
12Division of sensations; according to the head
- AEPICRITIC SENSATION – identification, localisation, characteristic, strength of stimulus possible
- BPROTOPATHIC SENSATION – identification, localisation, characteristic, strength of stimulus possible
- CPROTOPATHIC SENSATION – impossible precise identification of stimulus; often connected with impairing factors - crude touch, pain, extreme temperature
- DEPICRITIC SENSATION – impossible precise identification of stimulus; often connected with impairing factors - crude touch, pain, extreme temperature
13Modalities of stimulus;
- AModality is encoded by a single pathway.
- BEach pathway encodes one specific sense
- CEach type of sensation (touch, sound, light, etc.) is called modality of sensation
- DDifferent modality of sensation is transmitted by a specific nerve fiber and determined by where the nerve fiber terminates in the brain
14Location of stimulus; choose correct
- AReceptors fires action potential only when stimulus impinges on the receptive field.
- BFine resolution requires large receptive fields
- CCoarse resolution requires fewer receptive fields to cover the same body surface area
- DReceptive field in skin differ in size and response to touch
15Location of stimulus; coarse and fine resolution. Choose correct.
- ACoarse resolution; Certain regions of the body, such as arms & legs, have such very large receptive fields.
- BCoarse resolution; Two stimuli separated by as much as 40 mm will be perceived as a single point
- CCoarse resolution; Sensitive regions of the body with small secondary receptive fields include the fingertips.
- DCoarse resolution; Two stimuli separated by as little as 2 mm will activate separate pathways and will be perceived as distinct stimuli
- EMeissner occupy small receptive fields
- FPaccini occupy large receptive fields
16Location of stimulus; choose correct
- APrimary neuron response is improper to stimulus strength
- Blateral inhibition - adjacent relay cells are inhibited from firing by the excited relay cell
- Cfeed forward inhibition - primary sensory cell inhibits directly adjacent relay cells.
- DLateral inhibition increases stimulus contrast
17Intensity of stimulus;
- APopulation code - more sensory receptors are activated as stimulus gets greater
- BIntensity is encoded through the firing rate of receptors
- CDuration of action potential code for underlie perception of stimulus strength
- DFrequency of the stimulus is encoded by the time course of firing
18Timing of stimulus
- ADuration of the stimulus is encoded by the time course of firing
- BPhasic receptors - long-lasting stimulus will produce a prolonged repetitive discharge in the primary afferent neurons. (pain)
- CPhasic reseptors - long-lasting stimulus will produce a short-lived response in the primary afferent neurons.
- DTonic receptors are fast-adapting
19Which of these are NOT tonic receptors?
- ABaroreceptors
- BPaccinian corpuscles
- CNociceptors
- DPoprioceptors
20Choose correct match of somatic sensory receptors to its stimuli.
- ATactile receptors (mechanoreceptors) - receptors detect position and movement
- BThermal receptors - stimuli: heat and cold
- CNociceptors - stimuli: painful touch, cut, extreme temperatures
- DProprioceptive - stimuli: touch, pressure, vibration
- EStatic proprioceptors - tonic discharge
- FStatic proprioceptors - phasic discharge
21Pacini's corpuscle;
- AStimulus: deep cutaneous pressure; vibration
- BLocated in epidermis
- CLamellated corpuscles, single dendrite to layers of corpuscles arranged like
- DPacini's corpuscle is a skin, sensory nerve ending
- ESlow adapting
22Meissner's (tactile) corpuscle
- AHas a two-point discrimination. Ability to detect simultaneous stimulations at two points on the skin.
- BRapidly adapting
- CNumerous and close together on thigh and chest
- DUsed to determined temp of objects.
23Merkel (tactile) disks; Choose WRONG
- AAxonal branches end as flattened expansions associated with epithelial cells
- BResponsible for steady-state signals (continuous touch)
- CSlowly adapting
- DBasal layers of hypodermis
- ELight touch and superficial
pressure
24Ruffini's end organ
- APrimarily in dermis of fingers
- BRapidly adapting
- CRespond to continuous touch or pressure
- DSlowly adapting
25Hair follicle receptors
- ADoes not respond to bending of hair as occurs in light touch
- BHair end organs
- CEnd organ receptor fields overlap; sensation not very localized, yet very sensitive
- DRespond to bending of hair as occurs in light touch
26Free nerve endings; Choose WRONG
- ASimplest, most common sensory receptor
- BScattered through most of body; visceroceptors are of this type.
- CPicks up warm 10-15 times more numerous than cold
- DPain: respons to freezing cold and burning hot, cut of skin, painful touch
27Thermal sensation - choose correct
- ARapidly adapting
- BLarge receptive area
- CWarm receptors: up to 30C, max excitability at 44-46C;
- DThermal signals are transmitted in pathways same to those for pain signals
- ECold receptors: max excitability at 24-28oC;
28Thermal sensation - choose correct
- AWarm sensation - Transmission by C fibers
- BFor each 10C change metabolic rates (temp) alters intracellular chemical reactions more than 2-fold.
- CCold sensation - Transmission by C fibers
- DCold sensation - Transmission by Aδ
29Muscle spindle;
- AProvide information about tension of muscles
- B3-10 specialized intrafusal skeletal muscle cells
- CProvide information about length of muscles
- DInvolved in stretch reflex
30Golgi tendon organ - Choose wrong
- AProprioceptors associated with tendons
- BRespond to increased tension on tendon
- CInvolved in invers stretch reflex
- DProvide information about length of muscles
31Stimulus encoding - Choose correct
- ALateral inhibition - Key attributes of the stimulus must be represented in the signals of the primary SN
- BStimulus transduction - Stimulus energy is converted into electrochemical energy
- CThe stimulus information must be encoded into an electrical signal of some sort. These will result in information about intensity, duration, and location.
- DNeural encoding - sensory information must be fine tuned to achieve maximal discriminative capacity
32 Which of these are NOT an organisation of the sensory system?
- AParallel pathways
- BRelay nuclei and Interneurons
- CHierarchical organisation - different levels (highest at the head)
- DSpinal cord and fiber types
- ENeural maps - Parts of brain for different sensations
33Somatosensory transmission - Choose correct
- ATransmission has specificity and follows topographical organisation
- BCross-over to decussate through 2 major pathways; Dorsal column and anterolateral pathway.
- CStarts in the neurons of dorsal root ganglia
- DEnds in thalamus nuclei
34Classification of sensory nerve fibers - Choose correct match
- AIa = Annulo-spiral ending of muscle spindle - A-alpha Fiber
- BIa = Golgi tendon organ - A-alpha Fiber
- CII = Flower-spray ending of muscle spindle - A-beta Fiber
- DIII = Pain, temp and other receptors - Cdr Fiber
35Dermatomes; Choose correct
- ASensory supply to skin
- BAll impulses from the receptors first enter the peripheral afferent nerve fiber.
- CAfter entering the Dorsal Roots it enters spinal ganglion
- DTerminates in spinal cord
- EEach dermatome is innervated by 2 segments of the spinal cord.
36Somatosensory transmission - Which is NOT a pathway?
- AVentral columns
- BDorsal columns
- CLateral and Anterior spinothalamic tract
- DAnterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
- ESpino-olivary cerebellar tract and Trigeminothalamic tract
37Dorsal columns- Choose correct
- APrimary neurons have cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion.
- BFasciculus gracilis: sensations from inferior to midthoracic level.
- CFasciculus gracilis : impulses from above midthorax.
- DCarries sensations of two-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, vibration to cerebrum, and cerebellum
- EAxons enter spinal cord and ascend to the medulla oblongata by decussating where they synapse with secondary neurons.
38 Lateral spinothalamic tract - Choose correct
- APicks up pain and temperature
- BFollows a 3 neuron system, where the primary neuron starts in dorsal root ganglia
- CSecondary neuron - thalamus VPL nucleus
- DTertiary neuron - posterior horn neuron
39Anterior spinothalamic tract picks up which 4 sensations?
- AHeat
- BTickle
- CItch
- DCrude touch
- EPressure
40Trigemino-thalamic tract - Choose wrong
- AFibers join the spinothalamic tract in the brainstem
- BInvolves Cranial nerve VI
- CIn thalamus synapses on VPL nucleus
- DCarries similar information to that of the spinothalamic and dorsal-column/medial- lemniscal system
- ECarries info from face, Nasal cavity and Oral cavity
41Spino-olivary cerebellar tract - Choose correct
- ASpino-reticular tract to superior olivary nuclei
- BSpinal dorsal columns to nuclei of the medulla
- CStarts as climbing fibers on Purkinje cells
- DSpino-olivary - contribute to coordination of movement associated with balance
- EBoth impulses from Spino-reticular tract and Spinal dorsal columns go to cerebellum
42Anterior and posterior spino-cerebellar tracts - choose correct
- AAnterior - sensation = Proprioception of muscle,
tendon, Joints receptors . Large tactile skin sensation - BAnterior - sensation = Efferent copy of the anterior
horn motor drive - CPosterior - termination = The same side as its origin. Mossy fibers on cerebellar cortex granular cells
- DPosterior - termination = Both side of cerebellum. Mossy fibers on cerebellar cortex granular cells
- AAnterior - sensation = Proprioception of muscle,
43Sensory tracts - choose correct
- ACerebellum may reduce the conscious perception of sensations
- BCortex may reduce the conscious perception of sensations
- CSpinotectal - involved in reflexes that turn the eyes and the head toward point of cutaneous stimulation
- DCorticospinal tracts send branches to ascending tracts and release neuromodulators such as endorphins
- ECorticospinal tracts send branches to descending tracts and release neuromodulators such as endorphins
44Somatic sensory area 1 - Choose correct
- AIncludes areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2 in postcentral gyrus of the cortex
- BTopographic (somatotopic) projection = the feet - near the midline of the brain,
- CTopographic (somatotopic) projection = the feet - laterally, near the lateral fissure.
- DThe cells of the S1 cortex are organized in columns specific to a particular modality.
- EThe receptive fields of neurons contain only excitatory zones.
45Somatic sensory area 1 (homunculus) - Choose correct
- ARegions needing low resolution are represented in the brain in fine detail
- BRegions of the body most richly supplied with sensory receptors have the largest number of neurons in the related areas of the neocortex.
- CHigh resolution is achieved by having many small receptive fields on the body surface
- DA larger representation in the cortex occurs when less neurons are dedicated to a region of the body.
46Sensory area 1 - Modality of stimulus - Choose correct
- AAreas 3b, 1- respond to slowly adapting cutaneous receptors
- BArea 1- Deep skin receptors
- CArea 2 - deep skin receptors
- DArea 3a - muscle spindle, tendon and joint receptors
47Somatic sensory area 1 (homunculus - S1) = destruction to S1 causes inability to ...
- A...to localize sensations discretely and judge pressure and weight
- B...to judge shapes and forms and to recognize the position of parts of the body.
- C...to judge taste and smell
- D...to judge texture of material and fine gradations in temperature
48Somatic sensory area 2 - choose correct sentence
- AImpulses come from the ventral column system
- BImpulses come from the spinothalamic system and S1 area
- CLocated in postcentral gyrus - posterior and inferior part (area 40 of the cerebral cortex).
- DLocalization in this area is good.
49Somatic association area - Choose wrong
- ALesion to this area cause inability to recognize own body on same side as the lesion
- BLocated behind the S1 area - areas 5 and 7
- CLesion to this area cause inability to recognize own body opposite to the lesion
- DLesion of this area lead to inability to recognize the complex forms (feeling for the shape of one's own body is lost).
50Sensory are of the cerebral cortex - choose correct pairing
- AVisual cortex: occipital lobe
- BOlfactory cortex: superior surface of prefrontal lobe
- CPrimary auditory cortex: inferior part of temporal lobe
- DTaste area: lower tip of postcentral gyrus
51Division of neurons; choose what doesn't belong below.
- ASensory neuron
- BDorsal root ganglion
- CEfferent neuron
- DInterneurons of CNS - most reflexes go through these
52Interneurons - characteristics; choose correct
- AHave both inhibitory and excitatory function
- BSlow neuron
- CProduce action potential
- DHard neuron to excite
53Salitatory conduction
- AFast conduction (120m/s)
- BFrom one node of ranvier to another
- CSlow conduction (3m/s)
- DUnmyelinated conduction
54Bell-Magendie Law; choose correct
- AIn spinal cord conduction goes uni-aterally between anterior and porsterior root, in one direction only.
- BAnterior spinal nerve roots contain only motor fibers
- CPosterior spinal nerve roots contain only sensory fibers
- DIn spinal cord conduction goes bi-laterally between anterior and porsterior root
55Reflexes; choose wrong
- ASomatic motor reflex - goes to viscera
- BSomatic motor reflex - goes to muscle and skin
- CAutonomic motor reflex - goes to viscera
- DAutonomic motor reflex - goes to muscle and skin
56Monosynaptic reflex (knee-jerk)- Choose correct
- ALarge reflex arc
- BOne synaps between sensory and motor neuron
- CStarts in Ia afferent fibers from muscle spindle
- DComplicated reflex
- EDuration of the knee jerk 19-24 ms.
57Spinal regulation; choose correct
- AEach muscle spindle consists of 10 muscle fibers enclosed in a connective tissue capsule
- BNuclear bag fibers - thicker, 2 per spindle
- CNuclear chain fibers - thicker, 2 per spindle
- DPrimary - annulospiral endings – rapidly conducting Ia (A-alpha) afferents
- ESecondary - annulospiral endings – rapidly conducting Ia (A-alpha) afferents
58Spinal regulation; choose correct
- AStatic (tonic) response of the nuclear bag region (rapid discharge after fast stretch, less rapid during sustained stretch)
- BDynamic (phasic) response of the nuclear chain region (discharge at an increased rate throughout the period when the muscle is stretched).
- CIntrafusal muscle fibers - have gamma-motor neurons (S, D)
- DExtrafusal muscle fibers - have alpha-motor neurons
59Spinal regulation - muscle spindle; choose correct
- AOnly the ends of the muscle spindle contract, due to lack of actin and myosin in the centre
- BThe mid-portion of the muscle spindle can stretch
- CGamma motor neurons contract extrafusal muscle fibers and plates, contracting outer part of muscle spindle
- DIa fibers only gives nuclear chain fiber
60Reflex patterns; choose correct
- ADynamic response –increase spindle sensitivity to steady stretch
- BGamma motoneurons cause contraction of spindle- stretch of nuclear bag portion – activation of Ia – reflex
- CGamma discharge increases with alpha discharge
- DStatic response - increase spindle sensitivity to rate of stretch
61Reflex patterns; choose correct
- AGamma discharge with muscle stretch – increase of discharge in Ia
- BDynamic response – decrease spindle sensitivity to
rate of stretch - CControl – descending tracts from CNS – postural control
- DGamma discharge decreases with alpha discharge
62Inverse stretch reflex; choose correct
- ASensory innervation: Ib - EPSP on motor neurons via interneurons
- BActivation: passive stretch, active contraction of
muscle - CReceptors: in muscle spindle (nerve endings among fascicles of tendon)
- DVery high muscle tension produces – cessation of contraction (autogenic inhibition)
- ERegulate muscle force
63Withdrawal reflex; choose correct
- AReceptor: in muscle
- BStimuli - nociceptive, noxious, painful
- CResponse - flexor muscle- contraction (limb is moved away from the range of the irritating stimulus), extensor – inhibition
- DEffectors - recruitment of motor units – after discharge
- ECenter - inhibition of stimulus in spinal cord
64Functions of spinal cord; choose correct
- ARegulation of the sensory function, contains motor centers and efferent pathways.
- BRegulation of the motor function, contains sensory centers and efferent pathways
- CSpinal modulation of impulses performed by sensory, motor, and interneurons in particular spinal segment
- DSpinal modulation of impulses performed by sensory, motor, and interneurons among various spinal segments
65Function of spinal cord - spinal centers; choose correct
- AGrey matter – neural centers for somatic-motor & sensory, and autonomic-motor & sensory
- BWhite matter – neural centers for somatic-motor & sensory, and autonomic-motor & sensory
- CGrey matter – neural pathways afferent and efferent
- DWhite matter – neural pathways afferent and efferent
66Which does not belong as a division of the functions of the spinal cord?
- AConvergence and divergence
- BAfter-effect
- CContraction and relaxation
- DSummation and facilitation
- EInhibition
67Spinal cord; choose correct
- Aalpha-motor neuron is a final common pathway, it connects impulses
- BCentral inhibition - presynaptic is only EPSP
- CCentral inhibition - Postsynaptic and autoinhibition are EPSP
- DCentral inhibition - Autoinhibition is IPSP and mediated by renshaw cells
68Inhibitory interneurons; choose correct
- AInhibitory interneurons modulating alpha-motoneurons through (IPSP) renshaw cells
- BInhibitory interneurons in stretch reflex.
- CInhibitory interneurons in inverse-stretch reflex.
- DInhibitory interneurons in withdrawal reflex.
- EUse glycine in its synapses
69Afferent pathways to cerebral cortex - Spino reticular tract
- ACrosses midline and ascends to brain stem reticular formation
- BProjects bi-laterally through intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus to regions of the cerebral cortex
- CPlays major role in general alertness and arousal in response to tactile (painful) stimuli
- DDoes not cross midline before ascending to brain stem reticular formation
70Afferent pathways to cerebral cortex - spinotectal (spinomesencephalic) tract; choose wrong
- ADoes not cross midline
- BCrosses midline
- CProjects to and synapses with anterior colliculi, play major role in orientating eyes and head towards visual stimuli
- DThe tract send fibers to grey matter with axons to post. horn of the spinal cord, can suppress incoming pain signal
71Spinal cord tests; choose correct
- ATurck exam - Examines withdrawal reflex in spinal frog
- BBrondgest - facilitation and inhibition of the reflex
- CSechenov - Component of the reflex arc
- DTurck exam - Relation between strength of the stimulus and response
72Neurological examinations; choose correct
- AAlways consider left side symmetry
- BConsider central vs. peripheral deficits
- COrganize your thinking into seven categories
- DOrganize your thinking into five categories
Informações
- Descrição
- Based on PUM physiology presentations and own notes
- Autor
- Soheila Amri
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 20
- Etiquetas
- Avaliação
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