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Perguntas do quiz (60)
1Learning is best define as:
- Aany behavior produced by an organism without being provoked
- Ba change in the behavior of an organism
- Ca relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience
- Dbehavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning
2The type of learning associated with Skinner is:
- AClassical conditioning
- BOperant conditioning
- CRespondent conditioning
- DObservational learning
3In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the m,eat served as a(n):
- ACS
- BCR
- CUS
- DUR
4In Pavlov's original experiment with dog's, the tone was initially a(n) ------- stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) ------- stimulus.
- AConditioned; neural
- BNeural; conditioned
- CConditioned; unconditioned
- DUnconditioned; conditioned
5In order to obtain a reward a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?
- AExtinction
- BGeneralization
- CClassical conditioning
- DDiscrimination
6Which of the following statements concerning reinforcement is correct?
- ALearning is most rapid with intermittent reinforcement, but continuous reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction
- BLearning is most rapid with continuous reinforcement, but intermittent reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction
- CLearning is fastest and resistance to extintion is greatest after continuous reinforcement
- DLearning is fastest and resistance to extinction is greatest following intermittent reinforcement
7Cognitive processes are:
- Aunimportant in classical and operant conditioning
- Bimportant in both classical and operant conditioning
- Cmore important in classical than in operant conditioning
- Dmore important in operant than in classical conditioning
8The highest and most consistent rate of response is produce by a ------- schedule
- AFixed-ratio
- BVariable-ratio
- CFixed-interval
- DVariable-interval
9A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being:
- APositively reinforced
- BNegatively reinforced
- CPunished
- DExtinguished
10When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, ------- will soon take place
- AGeneralization
- BDiscrimination
- CExtinction
- DAversion
11One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that:
- Ain classical conditioning the responses operate on the enviornment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli
- Bin operant conditioning the responses are triggered by preceding stimuli
- Cin classical conditioning the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli
- Din operant conditioning the responses are reflexive
12In Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste-aversion learning, rats learned to associate:
- ATaste with electric shock
- BSights and sounds with sickness
- CTaste with sickness
- DTaste and sounds with electric shock
13In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the:
- ACS
- BCR
- CUS
- DUR
14Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called ------- learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of leaning is -------
- ASecondary; Skinner
- BObservational; Bandura
- CSecondary; Pavlov
- DObservational; Watson
15Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because:
- Abehavior is not forgotten and may return
- Bpunishing stimuli often creates fear
- Cpunishment often increases aggressiveness
- Dall of the above reasons
16Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate that an important factor in conditioning is:
- AThe subjects age
- BThe strength of the stimuli
- CThe predictability of an association
- DThe similarity of stimuli
17Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?
- Apresenting a positive stimulus after a response
- Bremoving an unpleasant stimulus after a response
- Cbeing told that you have done a good job
- Dall the above examples
18Which of the following is a form of associative learning?
- AClassical conditioning
- BOperant conditioning
- CObservational learning
- DAll of the above
19For the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented:
- Aabout 1 second after the US
- Babout one-half second before the US
- Cabout 25 seconds before the US
- Dat the same time as the US
20Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ------- and are believed to be a neural basis for -------
- AFrontal lobe; observational learning
- BFrontal lobe; classical conditioning
- CTemporal lobe; operant conditioning
- DTemporal lobe; observational learning
21During extinction, the ————
is omitted; as a result, the ———— seems to disappear.- AUS; UR
- BCS; CR
- CCS; US
- DUS; CR
22In Watson’s and Rayner’s experiment, the loud noise was the ———— and the white rat was the ————
- ACS; CR
- BUS; CS
- CCS; US
- DUS; CR
23In which of the following may classical conditioning play a role?
- AEmotional problems
- BThe body’s immune response
- CHelping drug addicts
- DAll of the above
24Shaping is a(n) ———— technique for ———— a behavior
- AOperant; establishing
- BOperant; suppressing
- CRespondent; establishing
- DRespondent; suppressing
25In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses, spontaneous recovery occurred:
- Aduring acquisition, when the CS was first paired with the US
- Bduring extinction, when the CS was first presented by itself
- Cwhen the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period
- Dduring discrimination training, when several conditioned stimuli were introduced
26For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response?
- AImmediately before
- BImmediately after
- CAt the same time
- DAt least a half hour before
27In distinguishing between negative reinforcers and punishment, we note that:
- Apunishment, but not negative reinforcement, involves use of an aversive stimulus
- Bin contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a response by the presentation of an aversive stimulus
- Cin contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by the presentation of an aversive stimulus
- Din contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by the termination of an aversive stimulus
28The "piecework," or commission, method of payment is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
- AFixed-interval
- BVariable-interval
- CFixed-ratio
- DVariable-ratio
29Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by:
- ADiscrimination learning
- BPunishment
- CNegative reinforcement
- DClassical conditioning
30On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given:
- AIn very small amounts
- BRandomly
- CFor successive approximations of a desired behavior
- DOnly some of the time
31You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an example of:
- AOperant conditioning
- BClassical conditioning
- CConditioned reinforcement
- DPartial reinforcement
32In promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as:
- ASimilar to ourselves
- BRespected and admired
- CSuccessful
- DAny of the above
33A cognitive map is a(n):
- Amental representation of one's environment
- Bsequence of thought processes leading from one idea to another
- Cset of instructions detailing the most effective means of teaching a particular concept
- Dbiological predisposition to learn a particular skill
34After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrates:
- AClassical conditioning
- BDiscrimination learning
- CObservational learning
- DLatent learning
35Leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. Leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule?
- AFixed-ratio
- BVariable-ratio
- CFixed-interval
- DVariable-interval
36Operant conditioning is to ———— as classical conditioning is to————
- APavlov; Watson
- BSkinner; Bandura
- CPavlov; Skinner
- DSkinner; Pavlov
37On-line testing systems and interactive software are applications of the operant conditioning principles of:
- AShaping and immediate reinforcement
- BImmediate reinforcement and punishment
- CShaping and primary reinforcement
- DContinuous reinforcement and punishment
38Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?
- APutting on a coat on a cold day
- BRelief from pain after the dentist stops drilling your teeth
- CReceiving a cool drink after washing your mothers car on a hot day
- DReceiving an approving nod from a boss for a job well done
39Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that:
- Afor the conditioning of certain stimuli, the US need not immediately follow the CS
- Bany perceivable stimulus can become a CS
- Call animals are biologically primed to associate illness with the taste of a tainted food
- Dall of the above are true
40Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that:
- Aaggressive children simply prefer violent pro-grams
- Btelevision simply reflects, rather than contributes to, violent social trends
- Cwatching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior
- Dthere is only a weak correlation between exposure to violence and aggressive behavior
41You always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. As you do so, your dog salivates. Rattling the box is a(n) ————; your dogs salivation is a(n) ————
- ACS; CR
- BCS; UR
- CUS; CR
- DUS; UR
42You are expecting an important letter in the mail.
As the regular delivery time approaches you glance more and more frequently out the win-dow, searching for the letter carrier. Your behavior in this situation typifies that associated with which schedule of reinforcement?- AFixed-ratio
- BVariable-ratio
- CFixed-interval
- DVariable-interval
43Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. Jack's behavior is being influenced by:
- APositive reinforcement
- BNegative reinforcement
- CA primary reinforcer
- DPunishment
44Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to:
- Ause their seat belts and tell others it is important to do so
- Buse their seat belts but not tell others it is important to do so
- Ctell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves
- Dneither tell others that seat belts are important nor use them
45A pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings in order to avoid shock but not for food reinforce-ment. According to the text, this is most likely so because:
- Apigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings in order to escape aversive events and to use their beaks to obtain food
- Bshock is a more motivating stimulus for birds than food is
- Chungry animals have difficulty delaying their eating long enough to learn any new skill
- Dall answers above
46From a casino owners viewpoint, which of the following jackpot-payout schedules would be the most desirable for reinforcing customer use of a slot machine?
- AVariable-ratio
- BFixed-ratio
- CVariable-interval
- DFixed-interval
47After discovering that her usual route home was closed due to road repairs, Sharetta used her knowledge of the city and sense of direction to find an alternate route. This is an example of:
- ALatent learning
- BObservational learning
- CShaping
- DUsing a cognitive map
48As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the CS
- AYour mothers behavior
- BYour crying
- CThe cat
- DYour fear today
49As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the US
- AYour mothers behavior
- BYour crying
- CThe cat
- DYour fear today
50As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the CR
- AYour mothers behavior
- BYour crying
- CThe cat
- DYour fear today
51As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the UR
- AYour mothers behavior
- BYour crying
- CThe cat
- DYour fear today
52The manager of a manufacturing plant wishes to
use positive reinforcement to increase the pro ductivity of workers. Which of the following procedures would probably be the most effective?- ADeserving employees are given a general merit bonus at the end of each fiscal year
- BA productivity goal that seems attainable, yet is unrealistic, is set for each employee
- CEmployees are given immediate bonuses for specific behaviors related to productivity
- DEmployees who fail to meet standards of productivity receive pay cuts
53Bill once had a blue car that was in the shop more
than it was out. Since then he will not even consider owning blue- or green-colored cars. Bill's aversion to green cars is an example of:- ADiscrimination
- BGeneralization
- CLatent learning
- DExtinction
54After watching coverage of the Olympics on television recently, Lynn and Susan have been staging their own "summer games." Which of the following best accounts for their behavior?
- AClassical conditioning
- BObservational learning
- CLatent learning
- DShaping
55Two groups of rats receive classical conditioning trials in which a tone and electric shock are pre-sented. For Group 1 the electric shock always follows the tone. For Group 2 the tone and shock occur randomly. Which of the following is likely
to result?- AThe tone will become a CS for Group 1 but not for Group 2
- BThe tone will become a CS for Group 2 but not for Group 1
- CThe tone will become a CS for both groups
- DThe tone will not become a Cs for either group
56Last evening May-ling ate her first cheeseburger
and trench tries at an American fast-rood restau-rant. A few hours later she became ill. It can be expected that:- AMay-ling will develop an aversion to the sight of a cheeseburger and french fries
- BMay-ling will develop an aversion to the taste of a cheeseburger and french fries
- CMay-ling will not associate her illness with the food she ate
- DMay-ling will associate her sickness something she experienced immediately be fore she became ill
57Reggie's mother tells him that he can watch TV after he cleans his room. Evidently, Reggie's mother is attempting to use ———— to increase room cleaning
- AOperant conditioning
- BSecondary reinforcement
- CPositive reinforcement
- DAll of the above
58Which of the following is an example of shaping?
- AA dog learns to salivate at the sight of a box of dog biscuits
- BA new driver learns to stop at an intersection when the light changes to red
- CA parrot is rewarded first for making any sound, then for making a sound similar to "Laura," and then for "speaking" its owner’s name
- DA psychology student reinforces a laboratory rat only occasionally, to make its behavior more resistant to extinction
59Lars, a shoe salesman, is paid every two weeks, whereas Tom receives a commission for each pair of shoes he sells. Evidently, Lars is paid on a ———— schedule of reinforcement, and Tom on a ———— schedule of reinforcement
- AFixed-ratio; fixed-interval
- BContinuous; intermittent
- CFixed-interval; faxed-ratio
- DVariable-interval; variable-ratio
60Nancy decided to take introductory psychology because she has always been interested in human behavior. Jack enrolled in
the same course
because he thought it would be easy. Nancy’s behavior was motivated by ————, Jacks by ————- Aextrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
- Bintrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
- Cdrives; incentives
- Dincentives; drives
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- Quiz sobre Sem título, criado por Bella Padilla em 11-12-2023.
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- Bella Padilla
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