Quiz
Cardiovascular System (Part 1 - Anatomy and Antithrombotics)
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1The heart and blood vessels transport [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end], [blank_start]nutrients[blank_end], [blank_start]waste products[blank_end], and [blank_start]heat[blank_end] around the body rapidly
- Awaste products
- Bheat
- Coxygen
- Dnutrients
2What are the four functions of the CV system?
1. [blank_start]Rapid convective system[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Control system[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Regulates body temperature[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Reproduction[blank_end]- ARapid convective system
- BControl system
- CRegulates body temperature
- DReproduction
3What is the maximum distance diffusion can occur over? (in micrometers)
[blank_start]10[blank_end]- A10
4What is the rate at which blood is pumped around the body? (in cm per second)
- A10
- B5
- C15
- D3
- E8
5The heart has two [blank_start]synchronous[blank_end] pumps. The right and left [blank_start]ventricles[blank_end]
- Asynchronous
- Bventricles
6The ventricles are filled from reservoirs, also known as the right and left [blank_start]atrium[blank_end].
- Aatrium
7The [blank_start]right ventricle[blank_end] pumps [blank_start]deoxygenated[blank_end] blood through the [blank_start]heart to the lungs[blank_end]. [blank_start]Four[blank_end] [blank_start]pulmonary[blank_end] veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the [blank_start]left[blank_end] side of the heart. This is called [blank_start]pulmonary circulation[blank_end].
- Aright ventricle
- Bleft ventricle
- Cright atrium
- Dleft atrium
- Edeoxygenated
- Foxygenated
- Gheart to the lungs
- Hlungs to the heart
- IFour
- JFive
- KThree
- LTwo
- Mpulmonary
- Nartery
- Olung
- Plong
- Qleft
- Rright
- Spulmonary circulation
- Tsystemic circulation
8What is roughly the pressure at which blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs? (in mmHg)
- A20
- B15
- C65
- D80
- E25
9What is roughly the pressure at which blood is pumped from the heart through the aorta? (in mmHg)
- A20
- B65
- C15
- D90
- E70
10Blood is pumped to the body to tissues, and partly [blank_start]deoxygenated[blank_end] blood is returned to the heart via two veins. The [blank_start]superior[blank_end] and [blank_start]inferior[blank_end] vena cava.
- Adeoxygenated
- Bsuperior
- Cinferior
11When blood returns to the heart via two veins, this is known as [blank_start]systemic[blank_end] circulation.
- Asystemic
12The right ventricle has a greater muscle mass than the left ventricle because it pumps blood at a higher pressure (to all the body).
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
13The [blank_start]ventricles[blank_end] are composed mainly of cardiac muscle, and fill with blood while the muscle is [blank_start]relaxed[blank_end].
Relaxation is known as [blank_start]diastole[blank_end], and contraction is known as [blank_start]systole[blank_end].- Aventricles
- Batria
- Crelaxed
- Dcontrated
- Ediastole
- Fpumping
- Gsystole
- Hfilling
- Istretching
- JSistol
- Kdiastolic
- Lsystolic
14If heart rate is between 60-75 bpm, and the stroke volume is 70-80ml... what will be the cardiac output? (in L/min)
[blank_start]5[blank_end] L/min- A5
15[blank_start]Mean arterial pressure[blank_end] = [blank_start]Cardiac output[blank_end] x [blank_start]Total peripheral resistance[blank_end]
- AMean arterial pressure
- BDensity of blood
- CStroke volume
- DHeight of fluid
- ECardiac output
- FBlood volume
- GTotal peripheral resistance
- HResistance of vessel
16Cardiac output can increase greatly in response to increased peripheral oxygen demand, rising 10 to 12 fold during strenuous human exercise.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
17Blood pressure definition = The [blank_start]force[blank_end] exerted by [blank_start]circulating blood[blank_end] on the walls of the [blank_start]blood vessels[blank_end].
- Aforce
- Bcirculating blood
- Cblood vessels
18Because blood pressure is different in different areas of the body, what type of blood pressure is stated?
- Aconvective
- Bpulmonary vein
- Cpulmonary artery
- Dsystemic venule
- Esystem arterial
- Fsystemic arterial
- Gsystemic
19The circulation of blood is in a [blank_start]parallel[blank_end] arrangement. This means it is divided into [blank_start]individual[blank_end] circuits, each supplying a specialised tissue/organ.
- Aparallel
- Bindividual
20The [blank_start]first[blank_end] branch from the heart is called [blank_start]coronary circulation[blank_end]. This means blood is supplied to the heart itself.
- Afirst
- Bsecond
- Cthird
- Dlast
- Ecoronary circulation
- Fpulmonary circulation
- Gsystemic circulation
- Hblood pressure
- Imyogenic circulation
- Jmyocyte
- Karteriole circulation
21The left ventricular output is distributed to the tissues of the body in proportion to their metabolic rate. The muscle takes 20% of O2 consumption at rest and receives 20% of the cardiac output.
This is different in the [blank_start]kidneys[blank_end] because its [blank_start]excretory[blank_end] function requires a [blank_start]high[blank_end] blood flow. This causes other tissues to receive less e.g. [blank_start]cardiac muscle[blank_end]. To compensate, it extracts an unusually [blank_start]high[blank_end] proportion of the O2 (~[blank_start]65-75[blank_end]%), whereas normal = ~[blank_start]25[blank_end]%. It is very [blank_start]efficient[blank_end] at taking [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] from blood.- Akidneys
- Bexcretory
- Chigh
- Dcardiac muscle
- Ehigh
- F65-75
- G25
- Hoxygen
- Iefficient
22Venules and small veins are more numerous than arterioles and arteries.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
23Because of their large number and size, veins and venules contain about a 1/2 of circulating blood.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
24Veins and venules are known as ______ vessels.
- Acapacitance
- Blarge
- Cresistance
- Dreturning
- Edeoxygenated
25Systemic arteries are known as resistance vessels
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
26Drugs that act on the blood are called [blank_start]antithrombotic[blank_end] drugs
- Aantithrombotic
27There are three types of antithrombotic drugs. What are the classes called?
- Aantiplatelet
- Bcoagulants
- Cplatelet drugs
- Danticoagulants
- Ethrombolytic
- Fantithrombolytic
28A [blank_start]thrombus[blank_end] is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains there.
- Athrombus
29An [blank_start]embolism[blank_end] is a clot that travels from the site where is formed to another [blank_start]location[blank_end] in the body.
- Aembolism
- Blocation
30Name three antiplatelet drugs.
1. [blank_start]Aspirin[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Clopidogrel[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Dipyridamole[blank_end]- AAspirin
- BClopidogrel
- CDipyridamole
31Name three anticoagulants.
1. [blank_start]Warfarin[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Heparin[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]Rivaroxaban[blank_end]- AWarfarin
- BHeparin
- CRivaroxaban
32Name two thrombolytic drugs.
1. [blank_start]Streptokinase[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Tenecteplase[blank_end]- AStreptokinase
- BTenecteplase
33In terms of a cut, homeostasis is the [blank_start]human's response to blood vessel injury[blank_end] and bleeding. This results in a [blank_start]blood clot[blank_end] and the bleeding [blank_start]stopping[blank_end].
- Ahuman's response to blood vessel injury
- Bblood clot
- Cstopping
34Blood clot formation.
Step 1 = [blank_start]Vasoconstriction[blank_end] - this is triggered by [blank_start]endothelial[blank_end] cells
Step 2 = [blank_start]Platelet Plug Formation[blank_end] - Platelets [blank_start]aggregate[blank_end] together and temporarily stop the blood flow. This is the stage where antiplatelets act on.
Step 3 = [blank_start]Coagulation[blank_end] - Conversion of [blank_start]fibrinogen (soluble)[blank_end] to [blank_start]fibrin (insoluble[blank_end]). The insoluble [blank_start]fibrin[blank_end] forms a [blank_start]mesh[blank_end] around the platelet plug (causing platelets to [blank_start]bind[blank_end] to each other).- AVasoconstriction
- Bendothelial
- CPlatelet Plug Formation
- Daggregate
- ECoagulation
- Ffibrinogen (soluble)
- Gfibrin (insoluble
- Hfibrin
- Imesh
- Jbind
35Antiplatelet drugs act on the venous system
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
36Anticoagulant drugs act on the arteriole system
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
37Anticoagulant drugs act on the venous system
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
38Antiplatelet drugs can be used for what conditions?
- AAcute myocardial infarction
- BUnstable coronary syndromes
- CTransient ischaemic attacks
- DAtrial fibrillation
- ESecondary prevention of CV events
- FAngina
- GBlood clot
- HPrimary prevention of CV events
- IHypertension
39Platelet formation
- ASmooth muscle cells/macrophages
- BEndothelial cells
- CCollagen
- DvWF (von Willebrand factor)
- EGPIb
- FGPIa/IIa
- GIIa (thrombin)
- HADP
- IGPIIb/IIIa
- Jfibrinogen
- KCOX-1
- LThromboxane A2
- MProstaglandin I2
- NP2Y1/P2Y12
- OCOX-1
- PGPIIb/IIIa
- Q+
40[blank_start]GPIa/IIa[blank_end] and [blank_start]GPIb[blank_end] are [blank_start]platelet receptors[blank_end] which bind to collagen and [blank_start]von Willebrand factor[blank_end] (vWF), causing platelets to adhere to the [blank_start]subendothelium[blank_end] of a damaged blood vessel.
- AGPIa/IIa
- BGPIb
- Cplatelet receptors
- Dvon Willebrand factor
- Esubendothelium
41PAR1 and [blank_start]PAR4[blank_end] are [blank_start]protease-activated[blank_end] receptors that respond to [blank_start]thrombin[blank_end] (IIa)
- APAR4
- Bprotease-activated
- Cthrombin
42[blank_start]P2Y1[blank_end] and [blank_start]P2Y12[blank_end] are receptors for ADP. When stimulated by [blank_start]ADP[blank_end], they activate [blank_start]fibrinogen-binding protein[blank_end] GPIIa/IIIa and [blank_start]cyclooxygenase-1[blank_end] (COX-1) to promote platelet [blank_start]aggregation and secretion[blank_end].
- AP2Y1
- BP2Y12
- CADP
- Dfibrinogen-binding protein
- Ecyclooxygenase-1
- Faggregation and secretion
43[blank_start]Thromboxane A2[blank_end] is a major product of COX-1 involved in [blank_start]platelet activation[blank_end]. It is involved in the [blank_start]positive[blank_end] feedback process. It signals [blank_start]more platelets[blank_end] to join and become [blank_start]activated[blank_end].
- AThromboxane A2
- Bplatelet activation
- Cpositive
- Dmore platelets
- Eactivated
44[blank_start]Prostaglandin I2[blank_end] is synthesised by [blank_start]endothelial[blank_end] cells. It inhibits platelet activation. It is found naturally in the body, and is part of a [blank_start]negative[blank_end] feedback process of platelet aggregation - it slows the process down.
- AProstaglandin I2
- Bendothelial
- Cnegative
45What three drugs are used to inhibit GPIIb/IIIa receptor?
- AAspirin
- BClopidogrel
- CTirofiban
- DEptifibadite
- EWarfarin
- FCangelor
- GAbciximab
46What four drugs are used to inhibit the GPIa/IIa receptor?
- ACangelor
- BClopidogrel
- CAspirin
- DTirofiban
- ETiclopidine
- FAbciximab
- GPrasugrel
47Aspirin is a [blank_start]indirect[blank_end] inhibitor of [blank_start]PAR[blank_end] receptors.
- Aindirect
- BPAR
48Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
49Warfarin works by [blank_start]blocking[blank_end] the regeneration of the [blank_start]reduced[blank_end] form of vitamin [blank_start]K[blank_end]
- Ablocking
- Breduced
- CK
50Vitamin [blank_start]K[blank_end] is [blank_start]lipo[blank_end]philic, and is required for the [blank_start]modification[blank_end] of certain blood [blank_start]coagulation proteins[blank_end]. Vitamin K is essential for the [blank_start]hepatic[blank_end] synthesis of factors [blank_start]II[blank_end], [blank_start]VII[blank_end], [blank_start]IX[blank_end], and X.
- AK
- Blipo
- Cmodification
- Dcoagulation proteins
- Ehepatic
- FII
- GVII
- HIX
51Warfarin [blank_start]inhibits[blank_end] the conversion of oxidised vitamin K [blank_start]epoxide[blank_end] into its [blank_start]reduced[blank_end] form, Vitamin K [blank_start]hydroquinone[blank_end].
- Ainhibits
- Bepoxide
- Creduced
- Dhydroquinone
52Heparin are a family of [blank_start]sulphated[blank_end] [blank_start]glycoamino[blank_end]glycans.
- Asulphated
- Bglycoamino
53Heparin activates [blank_start]antithrombin III[blank_end], and inactivates coagulant factors [blank_start]II[blank_end] and [blank_start]X[blank_end].
- Aantithrombin III
- BII
- CX
54Heparin is given orally.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
55What are the two types of heparin?
- ALMWH
- BFractionated heparin
- CDalteparin
- DUnfractionated heparin
- ELWMH
- FThrombin Inhibitors
56Give four examples of LMWH (Low Molecular Weight Heparin)
- ABemiparin
- BSemiparin
- CCoxiparin
- DDalteparin
- EFoxiparin
- FEnoxaparin
- GTinzaparin
57LMWH are [blank_start]better[blank_end] than unfractionated heparin because they have a [blank_start]limited[blank_end] effect on platelet activation and a [blank_start]lower[blank_end] reported incidence of heparin induced [blank_start]thrombocytopenia[blank_end] - this is there is a deficiency of platelet in the blood which causes bleeding in the tissues and slow blood clotting.
- Abetter
- Blimited
- Clower
- Dthrombocytopenia
58Name three thrombin inhibitors.
1. [blank_start]Bivalirudin[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]Fondaparinux[blank_end]
3. Dabigatran- ABivalirudin
- BFondaparinux
59Anticoagulants are used for the prevention of:
- ADVT
- BExtension of established DVT
- CTransient ischaemic attack
- DClotting during dialysis
- EMyocardial infarction (in unstable angina)
- FMyocardial infarction (in stable angina)
- GAtrial fibrillation
- HPulmonary embolus
60INR = ([blank_start]PT ratio[blank_end]) to the power of [blank_start]ISI[blank_end]
- APT ratio
- BISI
61[blank_start]Fibrinolysis[blank_end] is the breakdown of fibrin once it has already formed.
[blank_start]Plasmin[blank_end] is the factor that breaks down fibrin.
Endothelial cells secrete tissue [blank_start]plasminogen[blank_end] activator (t-PA) at sites of injury. t-PA binds to [blank_start]fibrin[blank_end] and converts [blank_start]plasminogen[blank_end] to [blank_start]plasmin[blank_end], which digests fibrin. [blank_start]Plasminogen[blank_end] activator inhibitors-[blank_start]1[blank_end] and -[blank_start]2[blank_end] (PAI-[blank_start]1[blank_end], PAI-[blank_start]2[blank_end]) inactivate t-PA; α2-antiplasmin (α2-AP) inactivates plasmin.- AFibrinolysis
- BPlasmin
- Cplasminogen
- Dfibrin
- Eplasminogen
- Fplasmin
- G1
- H2
- IPlasminogen
- J1
- K2
62Streptokinase is a protein derived from streptococci which inactivates plasminogen
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
63What are the uses of fibrinolytics?
- AAcute myocardial infarction (within 12 hours of onset)
- BChronic myocardial infarction
- CAcute myocardial infarction (within 24 hours)
- DAcute myocardial infarction
- EAcute thrombotic stroke
- FAtrial fibrillation
- GDVT
- HAcute arterial thromboembolism
- IPulmonary embolism
- JHypertension
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