Quiz
CHAPTER 14
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Perguntas do quiz (70)
1Behaviorists believe that personality differences can be entirely explained by ________.
- Alearning
- Bbehavioral traits
- Cphenomenological processes
- DIQ
2Behaviorism is rooted in which of the following philosophical principles?
- Aempiricism, associationism, and hedonism
- Bexistentialism, optimistic humanism, and phenomenology
- Cpsychoanalysis, egoism, and neuroticism
- Dpersonality, situation, and behavior
3The attempt to determine how behavior is connected to the environment is called ________.
- Abehavioral linking
- Bempiricism
- Cassociationism
- Dfunctional analysis
4An individual’s environment, from a behaviorist perspective, includes his or her ________.
- Athoughts, feelings, and emotions
- Bclose surroundings with others who offer support and advice
- Crewards and punishments in the physical and social world
- Dimmediate physical space (e.g., a forest, or a house)
5Which of the following is NOT a philosophical underpinning of behaviorism?
- Aassociationism
- Bempiricism
- Cexistentialism
- Dhedonism
6The basic idea behind empiricism is that ________.
- Atwo things become linked mentally if they are experienced close together in time
- Bthe structure of the mind determines our experience of reality
- Ceverything we know is the result of our experience
- Devery large phenomenon can be understood by breaking it down into smaller components
7Philosopher John Locke’s conception of the newborn mind as a tabula rasa (blank slate) is closely
associated with the idea of ________.- Aassociationism
- Bempiricism
- Crationalism
- Dexistentialism
8Which philosophical idea explains the learning process?
- Aassociationism
- Bempiricism
- Chedonism
- Dutilitarianism
9If a particular song frequently precedes your being touched by your significant other, then eventually
hearing the song will make you think of being touched by him or her. This is the basic idea behind
________.- Areductionism
- Bhabituation
- Cassociationism
- Dhedonism
10Utilitarianism, a social philosophy, claims that ________.
- Apeople learn in order to seek pleasure and to avoid pain
- Bbehavior changes as a function of experience
- Ctwo things become mentally connected into one if they are repeatedly experienced close
together in time - Dthe best society produces the most happiness for the largest number of people
11The philosophical belief called ________ claims that people learn in order to seek pleasure and to
avoid pain.- Aassociationism
- Bempiricism
- Chedonism
- Dutilitarianism
12Hedonism provides the ________ necessary for learning and behavior to occur.
- Amotivation
- Bcognition
- Cemotion
- Dknowledge
13Operant conditioning emphasizes ________ whereas classical conditioning emphasizes ________.
- Aactive learning; passive learning
- Bpunishment; reward
- Can animal’s learning ability; a human’s learning ability
- Deffects on one’s physical world; effects on one’s social world
14According the central ideas of behaviorism, what are the three main types of learning?
- Alearned helplessness, stimulus-response associations, if … then associations
- Bhabituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning
- Cempiricism, hedonism, associationism
- Dreinforcement, punishment, empiricism
15Based on recent research regarding the ability to forecast emotional reactions to major events, people
tend to ________.- Abe accurate judges of the emotional impact of future events
- Bunderestimate the emotional impact of negative events but not positive events
- Cunderestimate the emotional impact of positive events but not negative events
- Doverestimate the emotional impact of both negative and positive events
16The idea that, in time, you can get used to almost anything is associated with which learning
mechanism?- Ahabituation
- Bclassical conditioning
- Coperant conditioning
- Drespondent conditioning
17According to the concept of affective forecasting, positive events won’t ________ as one might
expect, and negative events won’t ________as one might expect.- Alead to as much happiness; lead to as much misery
- Blast as long; be as short lasting
- Cbe as frequent; be as infrequent
- Dbe as complex; be as simple
18When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica’s crib, she looks at it frequently, but after several
weeks pass she hardly notices it. Jessica has become ________ to the mobile.- Aclassically conditioned
- Boperantly conditioned
- Chabituated
- Dcounterconditioned
19The alternating tones of a car alarm are a means to prevent ________.
- Ahabituation
- Bassociationism
- Chedonism
- Dthe habit hierarchy
20According to recent reviews of the literature, repeated exposure to violent video games can make
someone more aggressive and less empathic. This is an example of ________.- Athe negative consequence of habituation
- Brank order change
- Cbecoming less consistent
- Deffective classical conditioning
21In Pavlov’s famous studies, when the presentation of meat was frequently preceded by the sound of a
bell, dogs ________.- Arefused to eat the meat
- Bbegan to salivate at the sound of the bell
- Cshowed fear responses to the bell
- Dsalivated only when given the meat
22Pavlov’s experiments on the timing of associations demonstrated that two things become associated
because ________.- Athey occur at the exact same time
- Bthe conditioned stimulus (CS) comes well before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- Cone event changes the meaning of the other event
- Dthey have similar perceptual features
23Bart eats a new dish at his favorite restaurant and throws up an hour later. According to the process of
classical conditioning, he will most likely ________.- Abecome nauseated at the sight of all restaurants
- Btry the dish again when another chef prepares it
- Cattribute his vomiting to an illness
- Dnever eat that dish again
24What learning process may explain why some addicts are more likely to overdose in new settings as
opposed to familiar settings?- AThe addict was habituated to the effects of the drug in familiar settings, but this was not
true of the new setting. - BThe addict had failed to generalize his or her drug-taking script to the new setting.
- COpponent processes that were classically conditioned in the familiar setting were not
triggered in the new setting. - DThe addict had learned to control stimulus-response associations in the familiar setting,
but this learning did not generalize.
- AThe addict was habituated to the effects of the drug in familiar settings, but this was not
25Experiments have shown that if one receives rewards and/or punishments randomly (i.e., regardless of
what one does), then one is likely to develop depression. This phenomenon is known as ________.- Alearned helplessness
- Bangst
- Csocial learning theory
- Dreverse conditioning
26It has been suggested that chronic anxiety is the result of ________.
- Arepeated pairing of a common stimulus with an unpleasant response
- Bthe occurrence of one predictable negative event
- Crepeated exposure to aversive stimuli that are unpredictable and random
- Dsecond-order conditioning and stimulus generalization
27Behaviorists like John Watson assumed that an individual’s personality consists of a repertoire of
learned ________.- Ahelplessness
- Bstimulus-response associations
- Cif … then responses
- Dsocial norms
28A light goes on in a room just before an excruciatingly loud buzzer sounds. A subject who startles
when the light goes on shows ________ behavior, but one who leaves the room to avoid the noise
exhibits ________ behavior.- Arespondent; operant
- Boperant; respondent
- Cconditioned; counterconditioned
- Dcounterconditioned; conditioned
29What term is used to describe a positive result that follows a particular behavior?
- Apositive affect
- Breinforcement
- Crespondent conditioning
- Doperant response
30According to Skinner’s terminology, behavior that acts on the environment and changes environmental
conditions to the organism’s advantage is ________ behavior.- Arespondent
- Breinforced
- Coperant
- Dreciprocally determined
31On the first day of kindergarten, Terry’s teacher responds to the students every time they ask her a
question. By the end of the first week, the teacher will only respond to students who are sitting quietly
at their desks. At the end of the second week, the teacher will only respond to students’ questions if
they are quietly seated, raise their hands, and wait to be called on before asking their questions. Terry’s
teacher is using ________ to change the students’ behavior.- Ahabituation
- Bshaping
- Cpunishment
- Dsecondary conditioning
32Punishment involves ________.
- Aremoving an aversive stimulus in order to increase the frequency of a behavior
- Bintroducing an aversive consequence in order to decrease the frequency of a behavior
- Creinforcing incompatible behavioral responses
- Dnegative reinforcement but not positive reinforcement
33The following are principles to administer punishment effectively EXCEPT ________.
- Aavailability of alternatives
- Bconditioning secondary punishing stimuli
- Cbehavioral and situational specificity
- Dbalancing positive and negative reinforcement
34According to the text, how can reward be used to prevent somebody from doing something?
- AReward a response that is incompatible with the undesired response.
- BReward the undesired response randomly.
- CReward the undesired response to secure a feeling of trust and compassion.
- DReward any response, regardless of its desirability.
35What is the first and most important danger of punishment?
- APunishment arouses emotion.
- BIt is difficult to be consistent.
- CPunishment teaches misuse of power.
- DIt is difficult to gauge the severity of punishment.
36Perhaps the biggest limitation associated with the use of punishment is that ________.
- Abehaviorists have not been able to identify consequences that are generally punishing
- Bit is almost always administered incorrectly
- Calternatives to punishment are seldom available
- Dpunishing only the specific behavior does not appear to reduce the frequency of that
behavior
37Which of the following is NOT an optimal way to administer punishment?
- AProvide multiple alternatives to the punishment-inducing behavior.
- BBe clear and specific about what behavior you are punishing.
- CAdminister a punishment after the individual has had time to reflect on his or her
behavior. - DCondition a secondary punishing stimulus.
38Which of the following psychologists was NOT considered a social learning theorist?
- ABandura
- BDollard
- CRotter
- DThorndike
39Social learning theory arose to correct several shortcomings of orthodox behaviorism; specifically
social learning theorists argue that behaviorism ignores ________.- Apersonality, identity, and individualism
- Bmotivation, thought, and cognition
- Cboth positive and negative emotion
- Dgoals, life stories, personality traits
40Julian Rotter’s social learning theory focuses primarily on ________.
- Adrives
- Bdrive reduction
- Cdecision making
- Dreciprocal determinism
41From the perspective of expectancy value theory, your belief about how likely it is that a behavior will
attain a certain goal is called your ________.- Abehavior potential
- Bexpectancy
- Creinforcement value
- Dgeneral self-efficacy
42Mark thinks that if he asks for a $50-a-week raise, he will definitely get it. He really wants a $75-aweek
raise and thinks his chances of getting a raise of that amount are about 25 percent. Expectancy
value theory would predict that Mark will ask for a ________-a-week raise, and classic behaviorism
would predict that he will ask for a ________-a-week raise.- A$50; $75
- B$75; $50
- C$50; $50
- D$75; $75
43According to Rotter, locus of control is analogous to ________.
- Aself-efficacy
- Ba specific expectancy
- Creinforcement value
- Da generalized expectancy
44Behaviorism is concerned with ________, whereas Rotter’s social learning perspective is concerned
with ________.- Aactual rewards and punishments; beliefs about reward and punishment
- Boperant conditioning; respondent conditioning
- Cgeneral behavioral tendencies; specific learned motivational tendencies
- Dclassical conditioning; observational learning
45Dietlinde is interviewing for a job and is confident that she’ll be able to convince the hiring committee
of her merit and credentials and will therefore surely get the job. Dietlinde has ________.- Alow generalized expectancies
- Blow specific expectancies
- Chigh generalized expectancies
- Dhigh specific expectancies
46Bandura’s efficacy expectation is a belief about ________.
- Awhat the person believes he or she is capable of doing
- Bthe amount of work required to be effective
- Cthe expected worth of an outcome
- Dthe probability of success expected for an average person
47The key target for psychotherapy, according to Bandura, is to ________.
- Achange the client’s overt behavior to match the demands of the situation
- Bachieve a better match between the client’s efficacy expectations and capabilities
- Cchange the client’s reinforcement values to match their behaviors
- Dmodify the client’s habit hierarchy
48Barbara thinks that Joe will go out on a date with her if she can ever get up the courage to ask him.
Barbara’s perception of the likelihood that Joe will accept her invitation reflects her ________,
whereas her doubts about her ability to ask him out reflect her ________.- Areinforcement value; behavior potential
- Bexpectancy; efficacy expectation
- Cefficacy expectation; expectancy
- Dbehavior potential; reinforcement value
49Charles is reluctant to go to a party where he knows he won’t know many people. Based on Bandura’s
prescription of self-change, Charles should ________ if he wants to change his level of social anxiety.- Astay home and adjust slowly
- Bforce himself to go to the party
- Cgo to the party but only talk to people he knows well
- Dgo to the party but only if he really wants to
50Bandura’s concept of efficacy is similar to what Rotter called ________.
- Asituational relativism
- Breinforcement values
- Cexpectancies
- Dbehavior potential
51According to Bandura, what two components influence an individual’s impression of what he or she is
capable of doing?- Aself-efficacy and self-concept
- Bpersonality traits and personal life goals
- Csocial support and self-esteem
- Dintelligence and level of diligence
52The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that ________.
- Achanging efficacy expectations can facilitate behavioral change
- Bexpectancies vary across situations
- Cchildren will imitate positive but not negative behaviors
- Dlearning can occur vicariously through observation
53According to the text, a distinctive aspect of humans is that we learn ________.
- Anearly everything from observation
- Bby both punishment and reward
- Cvery few things from observation
- Dnearly everything from classical conditioning
54Bandura’s ________ has proven to be the most influential of his ideas.
- Aspecific approach to therapy
- Bemphasis on observational learning
- Cconcept of expectancies
- Ddiscovery of if ... then contingencies
55What term refers to Bandura’s idea that the self-system, environmental factors, and behavior are all
dynamically interlinked?- Aefficacy expectations
- Breciprocal determinism
- Cthe transactional triad
- Dthe cognitive person system
56Following Bandura, many social learning theorists agree that the important causes of behavior
________.- Aare located only in the environment
- Bare located only in the conscious mind
- Cinvolve an interaction between the individual’s mind and the environment
- Dmostly result from direct reinforcement for the behavior
57As a child, Robin was frequently surrounded by many people and came to see herself as a very
sociable person. As an adult, she has chosen a career that requires her to interact with other people on a
daily basis. As a result, Robin is becoming even more sociable than before. This process is called
________.- Athe approach-avoidance goal system
- Breciprocal determinism
- Cvicarious learning
- Dthe expectancy value theory
58The element of reciprocal determinism that departs most significantly from classic behaviorism is the
idea that ________.- Athe organism’s behavior is a function of the environment
- Bthe environment cannot be changed by an organism’s behavior
- Cthe self can affect behavior, independent of the environment
- Dlearning occurs through direct reinforcement for behavior
59Which theorist had a substantial intellectual influence on Mischel’s ideas about the cognitive-affective
personality system?- AGeorge Kelly
- BGordon Allport
- CSigmund Freud
- DHans Eysenck
60What two important ideas are combined in Mischel’s cognitive-affective personality system?
- AAn individual’s construal of the world is important, and individuals have completely
stable personality traits. - BObservation is the most important source of learning, and individuals have completely
stable personality traits. - CObservation is the most important source of learning, and the cognitive system has
multiple tracks. - DAn individual’s construal of the world is important, and the cognitive system has multiple
components that often interact.
- AAn individual’s construal of the world is important, and individuals have completely
61According to Mischel, what is the most important aspect of personality and cognition?
- APersonality traits are subordinate to cognitive processes.
- BCognitive processes are subordinate to personality traits.
- CThe many systems of personality and cognition interact.
- DSystems of personality and cognition operate in a serial process.
62Which of the following is NOT part of the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)?
- Acognitive and behavior competencies
- Bencoding strategies
- Csubjective stimulus values
- Dthe Big Five domains
63According to Mischel’s theorizing, which of the following methods would be the best way to stop
yourself from eating a piece of delicious chocolate cake?- Asmelling the cake to trick yourself into thinking that you ate it
- Btelling yourself repeatedly that chocolate tastes bad
- Cthinking about the chocolate cake as a piece of brown plastic
- Dimagining how good the cake tastes to replace the actual desire to eat it
64What cognitive person variable in Mischel’s cognitive social learning theory is closest to the notion of
expectancies in Rotter’s theory?- Abehavioral construction competencies
- Bsubjective stimulus values
- Cself-regulatory plans
- Dpersonal constructs
65What construct would Mischel prefer to replace the construct of personality traits?
- Aexpectancies
- Bthe self-system
- Ccognitive-affective person units
- Dif ... then contingencies
66According to Mischel, every individual’s if … then pattern of contingencies is unique and comprises
his ________.- Apersonality
- Blife narrative
- Cbehavioral signature
- Dpersonal goals
67Which of the following is NOT a major achievement of the learning approaches to personality?
- AThese approaches pushed psychology in the direction of an objective science.
- BThese approaches enhanced our understanding of how the environment affects behavior.
- CThese approaches helped further understanding of the importance of early interactions
with caregivers. - DThese approaches led to the development of useful procedures for changing behavior, at
least in the short term.
68Funder asserts that the most important limitation of strict behaviorist approaches to personality
psychology is that they________.- Afocus only on psychological disorders and ignore humankind’s positive qualities
- Bunderemphasize or ignore cognition
- Cunderemphasize the effect of the specific situation on an organism’s behavior
- Dlack scientific rigor
69According to the text, learning theorists emphasize ________ in influencing one’s behavior
- Asituations
- Bpersonality
- Csocial systems
- Dthe unconscious
70Mischel’s if … then model is rooted in Watson’s ________.
- AS-R connection theory
- Bfive-factor model
- Csocial learning theory
- Dpersonal construct theory
Informações
- Descrição
- midterm/midterm/final Psychology 150 (Chapters 11-17) Quiz sobre CHAPTER 14, criado por Jade P em 04-12-2017.
- Autor
- Jade P
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