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1protein cannot be synthesized from dna.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
23 6 carbon sugars are [blank_start]____[blank_end]
- A____glucose fructose galactose
3glucose, fructose, and galactose make up what disaccharides
- Aglucose
- Bmaltose
- Clactose
- Da and b
- Eall of the above
4[blank_start]starches[blank_end] or [blank_start]glycogen[blank_end] are storage forms of glucose in mammals
- Aglycogen
- Bstarches
5isomerization around the [blank_start]anomeric[blank_end] carbon can generate and a or b isomer
- Aanomeric
6Three carb modified proteins [blank_start]are[blank_end]
- Amucins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans
7these have one or more double bonds in their tails
- Asaturated FA
- Bunsaturated FA
8[blank_start]Sphingosine[blank_end] is the backbone common to sphingolipids and glycolipids
- ASphingosine
9Cholesterol is a multi-ring sterol synthesized from [blank_start]acetyl coA[blank_end]
- Aacetyl coA
10difference between nucleotides and nucleosides is that tides have a phosphate attached
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
11Deoxynucleotides are almost exclusively used for DNA synthesis
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
12amino acids are linked by peptide bonds in this protein formation
- Aprimary
- Bsecondary
- Ctertiary
- Dquaternary
13The dihedral angles defined by the [blank_start]p and r angles[blank_end] can define secondary structures (alpha helix and b-sheet) in proteins
- Ap and r angles
14• A-helices have approximately [blank_start]3.4[blank_end] amino acids/helix turn with H-bonds formed between every 4th amino acid.
- A3.4
15two AAs not typically found in a-helices
- Aala and glu
- Bgly and pro
- Casp and asn
- Dgly and his
16this protein structure is made up of several polypeptide chains
- Aprimary
- Bsecondary
- Ctertiary
- Dquaternary
17which is more stable
- Aparallel anti-beta sheets
- Banti-parallel beta sheets
18Water rarely dissociates into H+ and OH- and each are present in equal concentrations of [blank_start]1 x 10-7 M[blank_end] in pure water.
- A1 x 10-7 M
19Cells and organelles have pH that can vary from pH of [blank_start]5 to 7.4.[blank_end]
- A5 to 7.4.
20• Buffers are a hydrogen ion reservoirs that can accept or donate protons in response to metabolic and environmental changes and work to prevent pH fluctuations.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
21pka = [blank_start]-logK[blank_end]
- A-logK
22• When [blank_start]pH=pKa[blank_end] a buffer has its maximum buffering capacity.
- ApH=pKa
23The effective range that buffers work is -/+ 1 pH unit of the pKa
- A1
- B2
- C3
- D4
- E5
24bicarb and proteins maintain intracell pH
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
25• Weak interactions are about _____ fold weaker than strong bonds
- A1-10
- B10-100
- C100-1000
- D1000-10000
26these bonds form between molecules with charged dipoles
- Avander waals
- Bionic
- Chydrophobic
- Dhydrogen
- Ecovalent
27ionic bonds stabilize transient dipoles for attraction
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
28weak interactions are important for protein, DNA, and RNA stability, for binding of molecules to proteins, and for enzyme function!
- Aprotein, dna, rna stability
- Bbinding of molecules to proteins
- Cenzyme function
- Dall of the above
- Enone of the above
29Cellular membranes are unilaminar layers of lipids in a viscous fluid state
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
30these can freely diffuse in the plane of the membrane
- Aions and proteins
- Bproteins and lipids
- Csugars and lipids
- Dhydrogen and proteins
31[blank_start]Integral[blank_end] proteins span the membrane layer
- AIntegral
32[blank_start]peripheral[blank_end] proteins interact by H-bonds or [blank_start]electrostatic[blank_end] interactions
- Aperipheral
- Belectrostatic
33The distribution of [blank_start]phospholipids[blank_end] in eukaryotic cell membranes is asymmetric
- Aphospholipids
34• FRAP is a technology used to measure the rate of lipid diffusion in membranes
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
35• NSAIDS, aspirin and ibuprofen, work by inhibiting [blank_start]COX[blank_end] and preventing synthesis of [blank_start]prostaglandins[blank_end]
- ACOX
- Bprostaglandins
36• If a concentration gradient involves charged or polar molecules of atoms it is an [blank_start]electrochemical[blank_end] gradient
- Aelectrochemical
37Membranes are impermeable to [blank_start]ions/large polar/nonpolar mols[blank_end], semipermeable to [blank_start]small nonpolar mols/ water[blank_end], and permeable to [blank_start]nonpolar gas/lipid[blank_end] soluble compounds
- Aions/large polar/nonpolar mols
- Bsmall nonpolar mols/ water
- Cnonpolar gas/lipid
- Dions/large polar/nonpolar mols
- Esmall nonpolar mols/water
- Fnonpolar gas/lipid
- Gions/large polar mols/nonpolar mols
- Hsmall nonpolar mols/water
- Inonpolar gas/lipid
38[blank_start]Active and passive transport[blank_end] are protein mediated processes
- Asimple and facilitated diffusion
- Bactive transport only
- Cactive and passive transport
- Dprimary active transport
39• Primary active transport requires [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] to move molecules across membranes against electrochemical concentration gradients
- AATP
40• Secondary active transport uses the energy of [blank_start]ions[blank_end] in electrochemical gradients to catalyze transport of other molecules
- Aions
41Enzyme change the [blank_start]rate[blank_end] of a reaction but not the [blank_start]equilibrium[blank_end]
- Aequlibrium
- Brate
- Cequilibrium
- Drate
42he free energy change of a reaction ∆G depends on the concentrations of
- Areactants, products, time
- Breactants, time, enzymes
- Creactants only
- Dreactants, products, temperature
- Etime and temperature
43Whereas the ∆Go and ∆Go′ describe a completed reaction, the ∆G describes the free energy of a reaction at any point before reaching equilibrium.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
44• Enzymes stabilize or promote formation of [blank_start]transition states[blank_end] to reduce activation energy for catalysis.
- Atransition states
45• Many drugs work by mimicking the transition state and are called [blank_start]transition state analogs[blank_end]
- Atransition state analogs
46The Vmax for an enzyme reaction is the maximum reaction velocity when the enzyme
- Ahas reached product
- Bis fully saturated with substrate
47• The KM or Michaelis-Menten constant can be determined from a Michaelis-Menten plot by finding the [S] that corresponds to [blank_start]½ Vmax[blank_end].
- A½ Vmax
48• The kcat, or turnover number, is the amount of enzyme converted per second of time.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
49• Linweaver-Burk plots transform the Michaelis-Menton plot to a linear form
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
50• Binding of regulatory molecules stabilizes protein conformers in a [blank_start]R[blank_end] “on” form or a [blank_start]T[blank_end] “off” form.
- AR
- BT
51• The MWC or Concerted Change Model suggests that all the protein subunits exist in R state on binding of regulatory molecules.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
52• Most allosteric proteins probably behave with attributes of both models
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
53• Competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive inhibitors all bind [blank_start]reversibly[blank_end] to enzymes
- Areversibly
54[blank_start]suicide[blank_end] subtrates are a type of irreversible inhibitor
- Asuicide
55• Energetically unfavorable steps in metabolism can be overcome by
- Acoupling to energetically favorable steps
- Bcoupling to ATP hydrolysis
- Cboth
- Dneither
56• The high energy of ATP hydrolysis is due to its phosphoanhydride bonds, electrostatic repulsion, resonance stabilization, and hydration
- Atrue
- Bfalse
57sugars are digested by
- Aamylase and lipase
- Bamylase, glucosidase, sucrase
- Cmaltase, sucrase, lactase
58[blank_start]Triacylglycerides[blank_end] are emulsified by bile salts, hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol for transport across the intestinal lumen
- ATriacylglycerides
59Satiety and release of digestive enzymes are mediated by
- ACCK and GLP-1
- BCCK and insulin
- CCCK and GLP-6
- DGlucagon and insulin
- ECCk and glucagon
60Long term energy homeostasis is mediated by
- Aglucagon
- Binsulin
- Cleptin
- Da and b
- Eb and c
61Phosphorylation of glucose (and other saccharides) reduces the [blank_start]intracellular concentration[blank_end] of the sugar, prevents [blank_start]transport[blank_end] out of the cell, and feeds the sugar into [blank_start]glycolysis[blank_end]
- Aintracellular concentration
- Btransport
- Cglycolysis
62The committing step to glycolysis is phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate by phosphofructokinase
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
63• Glycolysis harvests energy from carbohydrates to yield 3
- ANADH, FADH, pyruvate
- BNADH, ATP, pyruvate
- CFADH, ATP, pyruvate
- DNAD, FAD, pyruvate
64• In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is used to synthesize lactate or ethanol (yeast and bacteria) to oxidize _____ and replenish intracellular ______
- AATP;FAD
- BFADH;FAD
- CFAD;NADH
- DNAD;NADH
- ENADH;NAD
65which of these is an irreversible, regulated enzyme
- Aphosphoenol pyruvate kinase
- Bpyruvate kinase
66Intracellular liver glucose fluctuates less than in muscle and relies on [blank_start]glucokinase[blank_end] to regulate phophofructokinase
- Aglucokinase
67• Glycolysis in anaerobic conditions yields only a net of [blank_start]2[blank_end] ATP compared to aerobic conditions which yield [blank_start]30-32[blank_end] ATP.
- A2
- B30-32
68The PDH complex converts the 3-carbon pyruvate to [blank_start]Acetyl-CoA[blank_end] in aerobic metabolism
- AAcetyl-CoA
- BOxaloacetate
- CATP
- DGTP
- ENADH
69• The PDH is located in the
- Acytoplasm
- Bmitochondrial matrix
- Cmitochondrial inner membrane
70PDH can be regulated at 1 level; allosteric regulation
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
71The CAC regulation is in stage 1 of the cycle at
- Apyruvate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase
- Bisocitrate dehydrogenase and hexokinase
- Cpyruvate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- Disocitrate dehydrogenase and the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- Ephosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
72The CAC and glyoxalate cycles differ in that no [blank_start]CO2[blank_end] is generated by the glyoxalate cycle
- ACO2
73In the CAC, for every molecule of glucose, [blank_start]4[blank_end] CO2, [blank_start]2[blank_end] ATP(GTP), [blank_start]6[blank_end] NADH, and [blank_start]2[blank_end] FADH are generated
- A4
- B2
- C6
- D2
74The Q cycle and complex III uses 2 QH2 molecules to transfer 2 individual electrons to 2 cytochrome c molecules; the other 2 electrons are used to reduce oxidized ubiquinone molecules
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
75Incomplete reduction of O2 by complex IV can create [blank_start]superoxide[blank_end] molecules
- Asuperoxide
76superoxide molecules are reduced to H2O by superoxide dismutase and catalyase
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
77• Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory proposes that energy contained in [blank_start]proton gradient[blank_end] across membranes can be used to generate ATP or drive molecular motors
- Aproton gradient
78• The F1Fo ATP synthase is composed of a membrane bound Fo protein complex used for transporting [blank_start]H+[blank_end] across the mitochondrial membrane
- AH+
- BK+
- CNa+
- DATP
79The Fo complex drives a rotor-like protein structure in the F1 complex that causes protein conformation changes catalyzing flagellar movement
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
80• The hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane creates a proton motive force that can be used to drive ATP synthesis by the F1F0 ATP synthase
- Asodium ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
- Bhydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
- Celectron gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
- Dpotassium ion gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane
81• Mitochondrial transporters are [blank_start]transmembrane[blank_end] proteins in the mitochondrial inner membrane that move [blank_start]ATP, malate, citrate, and OH-[blank_end] out of the mitochondria and move [blank_start]ADP, phosphate, pyruvate, and malate[blank_end] into the mitochondrial matrix
- Atransmembrane
- Bintramembrane
- Couter surface
- DADP, phosphate, pyruvate, and malate
- EATP, malate, citrate, and OH-
- FATP, malate, citrate, and OH-
- GADP, phosphate, pyruvate, and malate
82Gluconeogenesis is a cytoplasmic pathway that uses [blank_start]pyruvate[blank_end] and other intermediates for synthesis of glucose in the cell when glucose is scarce
- Apyruvate
83• Gluconeogenesis requires energy for synthesis of glucose and uses an additional [blank_start]4[blank_end] high energy molecules (ATP and GTP) per glucose compared to glycolysis
- A4
84• Gluconeogenesis is positively regulated when glucose and insulin are present by protein phosphorylation of the bifunctional phosphofructokinase protein
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
85• Glycogen breakdown is a cytoplasmically located pathway that degrades the glycogen polymer to glucose 1-phosphate and glucose
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
86In glycogen degredation, [blank_start]phosphorylase[blank_end] degrades the glycogen molecule from the nonreducing ends
- Aglucosidase
- Bbranching enzyme
- Cphosphorylase
87Allosteric regulation of glycogen degradation is different for muscle compared to liver
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
88• Phosphorylase is regulated by protein phosphorylation; glucagon and epinephrine induce a signaling cascade that phosphorylates phosphorylase and stabilizes the active phosphorylase [blank_start]a[blank_end]
- Aa
89• FA degradation requires mobilization of free [blank_start]FA[blank_end] from [blank_start]TAG[blank_end] in adipocytes
- AFA
- BTAG
90• The free FA are transported to ________ complexed with serum albumin wherease glycerol is transported to ______
- Aliver/tissues
- Bliver/muscle
- Ctissues/liver
- Dmuscle/liver
- Emuscle/adipocytes
91Glycerol can enter glycolysis.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
92Intracellular FA are activated to [blank_start]acyl CoA[blank_end], and transported into the mitochondrial matrix, via the carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter, for b-oxidation into [blank_start]acetyl-CoA, NADH2 and FADH2[blank_end]
- Aacetyl CoA
- Bacetoacetyl CoA
- Cacyl CoA
- Dacylcarnitine
- Eacetyl-CoA, NAD and FAD
- Facetyl CoA, NADH, FADH
- Gpyruvate, NADH, FADH
- Hacetyl CoA, NAD, FADH
93• FA degradation yields about a net of [blank_start]106[blank_end] ATP molecules per palmitate compared to approximately 30-32 ATP molecules/glucose from glycolysis
- A106
94• FA with odd number carbon chains are oxidized to the 3-carbon [blank_start]propionyl[blank_end] CoA and ultimately converted to the 4-carbon [blank_start]Succinyl[blank_end] Coa
- Apropionyl
- BSuccinyl
95• For FA with single double bonds, the double bond position is [blank_start]isomerized[blank_end] to make the b-oxidation intermediate trans-∆2-enoyl CoA
- Aisomerized
96• For FA with two double bonds, one double bond is [blank_start]reduced[blank_end] and the remaining double bond is isomerized to trans-∆2-enoyl CoA
- Areduced
97• Our bodies degrade about [blank_start]100[blank_end] grams of amino acids/day which requires elimination of the excess [blank_start]nitrogen[blank_end]
- A100
- Bnitrogen
98• Nitrogen from the primary amines of degraded aa are transferred by transaminases to generate [blank_start]glu, gln, ala, or asp[blank_end] for transport to the liver
- Aglu, gln, ala, or asp
99• The deaminated aa backbones are degraded to molecules that can be used for
- Agluconeogenesis, ketone bodies, CAC
- Bglycolysis, ketone bodies, CAC
- Cgluconeogenesis, ketone bodies, PDH
- Dgluconeogenesis, glycolysis, CAC
100• Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism that prevents the normal degradation of [blank_start]phenylalanine[blank_end] and accumulation of toxic levels of phenylpyruvate and other metabolites
- Aphenylalanine
101• Glucose used for synthesis of glycogen is activated by addition of [blank_start]UMP[blank_end] to glucose [blank_start]1[blank_end]-phosphate to generate [blank_start]UDP-glucose.[blank_end]
- AUMP
- B1
- CUDP-glucose.
102• Glycogen synthesis is initiated by the autocatalytic addition of about [blank_start]8[blank_end] glucose residues to each subunit of glycogenin.
- A8
103• Elongation of glycogen chains are catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
104• α1-6 branchpoints are generated by the action of the branching enzyme every ______ glucose residues.
- A8-12
- B10-14
- C10-12
- D6-10
105• The [blank_start]branching[blank_end] enzyme transfers a glycogen chain of approximately 8 glucose residues to form the a 1-6 branchpoint.
- Abranching
106• Glycogen synthesis is regulated by the phosphorylation and allosteric regulation of [blank_start]glycogen synthase[blank_end].
- Aglycogen synthase
107• There are approximately 11 forms of glycogen storage disease; most are defective in glycogen synthesis and only two are due to defects in glycogen degredation.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
108• Fatty acid synthesis is primed by charging fatty acid synthase with one molecule of acetate and one molecule of [blank_start]malonate[blank_end]
- Amalonate
109[blank_start]malonyl[blank_end] CoA is used as the substrate for synthesis of the remaining fatty acyl chain
- Apropionyl
- Bacetyl
- Cmalonyl
- Dsuccinyl
110• 2 molecules of NADPH are required for each 2-carbon addition to the acyl chain, one of which is generated by [blank_start]malic[blank_end] enzyme to recycle malate to pyruvate and the other NADPH comes from the [blank_start]pentose phosphate[blank_end] pathway
- Amalic
- Bmelic
- Cmeric
- Dmetric
- Eglycolysis
- Fmetabolic
- GKrebbs cycle
- Hpentose phosphate
111• Acetyl CoA [blank_start]carboxylase[blank_end] is the committing step for fatty acid synthesis and is regulated protein phosphorylation and allosteric regulation
- Acarboxylase
112Malonyl CoA produced by ACC is also a negative regulator of [blank_start]fatty acid degradation[blank_end].
- Aamino acid degradation
- Bfatty acid degredation
- Cglycogen degredation
- Dgluconeogenesis
- Efatty acid synthesis
113• Phosphatidic acid (PA) is the common precursor to synthesis of [blank_start]TAG[blank_end] and membrane [blank_start]phospholipids[blank_end].
- ATAG
- Bphospholipids
114• TAG synthesis requires [blank_start]dephosphorylation[blank_end] of PA before addition of a [blank_start]third[blank_end] fatty acyl chain.
- Adephosphorylation
- Bthird
115• Membrane phospholipids are synthesized by by addition of tail groups to the phosphate group of PA.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
116• Head group addition occurs through an activated form of [blank_start]PA[blank_end] or an activated form of the head group that has been condensed with [blank_start]CTP[blank_end].
- APA
- BCTP
117• Synthesis of sphingolipids is initiated by condensation of [blank_start]palmitoyl-CoA[blank_end] with serine followed by subsequent addition of head groups.
- Apalmitoyl-CoA
- Bacetyl-CoA
- Cmalonyl-CoA
- Dsuccinyl-CoA
118• Cholesterol is synthesized in a 3 step process that involves formation of an activated form of the 5-carbon molecule [blank_start]isoprene[blank_end]
- Aisoprene
119• The committing step, and regulated step, for cholesterol synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
120• Cholesterol, lipids, and TAG are transported through the body by [blank_start]lipoprotein[blank_end] particles
- Alipoprotein
121[blank_start]LDL[blank_end] are the primary transport vehicle for cholesterol to tissues and [blank_start]HDL[blank_end] transport excess cholesterol to the liver for degradation.
- ALDL
- BHDL
- CLDL
- DHDL
122• Ammonia can be used by glutamate synthase to synthesize [blank_start]glutamate[blank_end] from a-ketoglutarate and used to synthesize [blank_start]glutamine[blank_end] from from glutamate
- Aglutamate
- Bglutamine
123• [blank_start]Purine[blank_end] nucleotide biosynthesis is a stepwise process that builds the ring on PRPP
- APurine
124• The first fully formed purine nucleotide is [blank_start]IMP[blank_end] which is the precursor to AMP and GMP
- AIMP
125• Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis builds the pyrimidine ring which is then covalently attached to [blank_start]PRPP[blank_end] to generate the first fully formed pyrimidine [blank_start]OMP[blank_end]
- APRPP
- BOMP
126• [blank_start]UTP[blank_end] is the precursor to CTP
- AUTP
127• dUDP is hydrolyzed to [blank_start]dUMP[blank_end] to synthesize [blank_start]TMP[blank_end] by the enzyme thymidylate synthase
- AdUMP
- BTMP
128• SCID, Lesch-Nyhan, and Gout are diseases caused by defects in [blank_start]nucleotide[blank_end] metabolism
- Anucleotide
129• Photosynthesis is comprised of the light reaction where [blank_start]ATP and NADPH[blank_end] are generated and the dark reaction where [blank_start]hexose sugars[blank_end] are synthesized
- Ahexose sugars
- BATP and NADPH
- Chexose sugars
- DATP and NADPH
130• ATP and NADPH are generated using two photosystems. Photosystem I absorbs light to power the pumping of protons into the thylakoid lumen where Photosystem II absorbs light to power the synthesis of NADPH
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
131• CO2 is fixed into hexose sugars in the Calvin cycle by carboxylation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by the enzyme [blank_start]RuBisCo[blank_end]
- ARuBisCo
132• The three phases of the Calvin cycle are 1) fixation of CO2, 2) synthesis of hexose sugars, and 3) degeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
133• The Calvin cycle is regulated indirectly by conditions associated with the light reaction
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
134• C4 plants fix CO2 by transferring a carboxyl from [blank_start]oxaloacetate[blank_end]
- Aoxaloacetate
135• DNA synthesis is incredibly accurate due to the presence of a proofreading [blank_start]exonuclease[blank_end] function
- Aexonuclease
136• Mutagenic molecules and environmental challenges can be detected using the [blank_start]Ames[blank_end] test
- AAmes
137• There are two conserved sequence motifs that define promotor regions; the -10 [blank_start]TATA[blank_end] sequence also known as the [blank_start]Pribnow[blank_end] Box, and the -35 region.
- ATATA
- BPribnow
138• RNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] and initiates transcription at promoter sequences using the s factor
- AmRNA
139• RNA polymerase has an error rate of about 10-4 to 10-5 such that incorrect nucleotides are incorporated once out of every ________ nucleotides synthesized
- A10 - 1,000
- B1,000- 10,000
- C10,000- 100,000
- D100,000- 1,000,000
140• Transcription termination occurs in the 3´ [blank_start]UTR[blank_end] of an mRNA and uses two processes: RNA secondary structure, or a r protein dependent process
- AUTR
141• The lac operon is regulated at the level of transcription by binding of the lac [blank_start]operator[blank_end] protein thus preventing transcription initiation
- Aoperator
142RNA pol I transcribes [blank_start]ribosomal genes[blank_end], RNA pol II transcribes [blank_start]protein expressing genes[blank_end], RNA pol III transcribes [blank_start]tRNA genes[blank_end]
- Aprotein expressing genes
- Bribosomal genes
- CtRNA genes
- Dprotein expressing genes
- Eribosomal genes
- FtRNA genes
- Gprotein expressing genes
- Hribosomal genes
- ItRNA genes
143• Transcription initiation in eukaryotic cells is mediated by binding of general transcription factors to the [blank_start]promoter[blank_end] region followed by RNA polymerase
- Apromoter
144• Ribosomal RNA molecules are transcribed by RNA pol I into long co-transcripts that contain several rRNA molecules that are cleaved by sequence specific RNAses into mature rRNA molecules
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
145• [blank_start]snoRNA[blank_end] molecules catalyze base and sugar modifications in pre-rRNA transcripts
- AsnRP
- BsnRNA
- CsnoRNA
- DsnoRP
146• mRNA splicing occurs by the orderly assembly of splicing factors called [blank_start]snRPs[blank_end] that catalyze the precise excison of introns and ligation of exons
- AsnRPs
147• Charging of tRNA with amino acids is catalyzed by [blank_start]aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS)[blank_end]
- Aaminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
- BaaRS
- CA and B
- Daminoacyl-rRNA synthases
148• aaRS ensure the correct amino acid is charged by a double sieve process that includes binding of the correct amino acid and [blank_start]detection[blank_end] of an incorrectly bound amino acid
- Adeletion
- Bdetection
- Cinvestigation
- Ddephosphorylation
14930S subunit is responsible for binding mRNA and staging the 30S initiation complex at the [blank_start]Shine-Delgarno sequence[blank_end]
- AShine-Delgarno sequence
150• Initiation of prokaryotic translation is a multistage process that requires binding of the 30S ribosomal subunit, initiating factors, and fMet-tRNAf.
- A30S subunit
- B70S subunit
- Cinitiation factors
- DfMet-tRNAf
- EA, C, D
- FB,C,D
151• Staging of the 30S subunit at the initiating AUG occurs by binding of [blank_start]16S[blank_end] rRNA and the Shine-Delgarno sequence in the mRNA.
- A5.8S
- B16S
- C27S
- D30S
152• Peptide bond formation at the [blank_start]carboxy[blank_end] terminus of the nascent protein is catalyzed by proximity and orientation
- Acarboxy
153• Termination of protein synthesis requires termination factors at stop codons
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
154• Eukaryotic translation initiation is more complex than in prokaryotes; the initiation complex is formed on the mRNA [blank_start]cap[blank_end] and scans the mRNA for the first AUG in the message
- Acap
Informações
- Descrição
- Quiz sobre Sem título, criado por anne jillson em 09-08-2016.
- Autor
- anne jillson
- Idioma
- English
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